Direct Current Circuits Session

1
Edmodo Group Code: vax5b4

Learning Outcome
Solve problems on Charge, Current,
Voltage, Resistivity and Resistor
color Coding
Suggestion: Watch a documentary
on the History of Electricity

DC vs AC;
The Battle of Currents

SI Prefixes

Charge

Example
Find the charge in coulombs of (a)
5.31 x 1020 electrons

Current and Voltage

Example
Find the current flow through a light
bulb from a steady movement of 60
C in 4 s
The total charge entering a terminal
is given by q = 5t sin4t mC.
Calculate the current at t = 0.5 s.

Resistivity

Example
Find the resistance of an aluminum wire
that has a length of 1000 m and a
diameter of 1.626 mm. The wire is at
20C

Resistor Color Coding

Gold corresponds to a tolerance of 5

percent, silver to 10 percent, and a No
Color to 20 percent.

Example
1. What are the colors of the bands
on a 10 percent, 5.6 resistor?
2. What are the nominal resistance
and tolerance of a resistor with color
bands in the order of green-blueyellow-silver from an end of the
resistor casing toward the middle?

Objectives: After completing

this module, you should be
able to:

Determine the effective

resistance for a number of
resistors connected in series
andsimple
in parallel
For
and. complex circuits,
determine the voltage and
current for each resistor.
Apply Kirchoffs laws to find
currents and voltages in
complex circuits.

Electrical Circuit Symbols

Electrical circuits often contain one or
more resistors grouped together and
attached to an energy source, such as
a battery.
The following symbols are often
used:
Ground
Battery
Resistor
+

+ - + - + - + -

Resistances in Series
Resistors are said to be connected in
series when there is a single path for the
current.
The current I is the same
for each resistor R1, R2
R2
I
and R3.
VT R3
The energy gained
through E is lost through
R1, R2 and R3.
Only one current
The same is true for
voltages:
For
II =
For series
series
= II11 =
= II22 =
= II33
connection
VVTT=
connection
= VV11 +
+ VV22 +
+ VV33
s:
s:
R1

Equivalent Resistance:
Series

The equivalent resistance Re of a

number of resistors connected in
series is equal to the sum of the
individual resistances.
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 ; (V =
IR)
R1
I
R
=
I
R
+
I
R
+
T
e
1
1
2
2
R
2
I
I3R3
VT R3
But . . . IT = I1 = I2 = I3
Equivalent
Resistance

RRee =
= RR11 +
+ RR22 +
+ RR33

Example 1: Find the equivalent resistance

Re. What is the current I in the circuit?
Re = R1 + R2 + R3

2
3 1
12 V

Re = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6

Equivalent
Equivalent RRee =
= 66

The current is found from Ohms law: V =

V 12 V IRe
I

II =
22 AA
=
R
6
e

Example 1 (Cont.): Show that the voltage

drops across the three resistors totals the
12-V emf.
RRee =
II =
= 66

= 22 AA
2
3 1
12 V

Current I = 2 A same in
each R.
V1 = IR1; V2 = IR2; V3 =
IR3
V1 = (2 A)(1 = 2
V1 + V2 + V3 =
V
VT
2 V + 4 V + 6 V = 12
V1 = (2 A)(2 = 4
V
V
Check
V1 = (2 A)(3 = 6
Check !!
V

Sources of EMF in Series

The output direction from
+ b
a
a source of emf is from +
E
side:
Thus, from a to b the potential increases
by E; From b to a, the potential decreases
by E.
A
Example: Find V for path
R
AB and then for path BA.

3V

AB: V = +9 V 3 V = +6
V
BA: V = +3 V - 9 V = -6
V

9V

A Single Complete Circuit

Consider the simple series circuit drawn

below:
D
A
Path ABCD: Energy and
2
V increase through the
15 V 15-V source and
4
3V
decrease through the
+
B
3-V
C
Esource.
=15 V - 3 V = 12 V
The net gain in potential is lost through
the two resistors: these voltage drops are
IR2 and IR4, so that the sum is zero for the
entire loop.

Finding I in a Simple
Circuit.
Example 2: Find the current I in the circuit
D

18 V

3
3V

below:

E =18 V 3 V 15 V
R =3 + 2 5
Applying Ohms law:

E 15 V
I

R 5

In general for a
single loop
circuit:

EE
II
RR

I=3A

Summary: Single Loop

Circuits:
Resistance Rule: Re =
R
E

Current :

Voltage Rule:
IR

E =

R2

R1

E2
E1

Complex Circuits
A complex circuit is
one containing more
than a single loop
and different current
paths.
At junctions m and n:

I3
R3
R1

I1 = I2 + I3 or I2 + I3 = I1
Junction
Junction Rule:
Rule:
I
I (enter)
(enter) =
= I
I
(leaving)
(leaving)

E2

I1

R2

E1
I2

Parallel Connections
Resistors are said to be connected in
parallel when there is more than one path
for current.
For Parallel
Parallel Connection:
Resistors:
V2 = V4 = V6 =
2
4
6
I +I V
+T I = I
2

Series
Connection:

For Series
Resistors:
I2 =
I4 = I6 = IT
V2 + V4 + V6 =
VT

Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
VT = V1 = V2 =
V3I + I
I =I +
T

Parallel Connection:

VT

V
I
R

Ohms
law:
VT V1 V2 V3

Re R1 R2 R3
The
The equivalent
equivalent
resistance
resistance for
for Parallel
Parallel
resistors:
resistors:

R1

R2

R3

1
1
1
1

Re R1 R2 R3

11 NN 11

RRee i
R
i11 Ri i

Example 3. Find the equivalent

resistance Re for the three resistors
below.
NN
1
1
1
1

RRee i
R
i11 Ri i

1
1
1
1

Re R1 R2 R3

VT

R1

R2

R3

1
1
1
1

0.500 0.250 0.167

Re 2 4 6
1
1
0.917; Re
1.09
RRee =
= 1.09
1.09

Re
0.917
For
For parallel
parallel resistors,
resistors, RReeis
is less
less than
than the
the
least
least RRi..

Example 3 (Cont.): Assume a 12-V emf

is connected to the circuit as shown.
What is the total current leaving the
source of emf?
VT
R1
R2
R3
VT = 12 V; Re = 1.09

V
=
V
=
V3 = 12 V
1
2
2
4
6
I T = I1 + I 2 + I3

12 V

Ohms
Law:

V
I
R

VT
12 V
Ie

Re 1.09

Total current: IT = 11.0

A

Example 3 (Cont.): Show that the

current leaving the source IT is the sum
of the currents through the resistors R1,
R2, and R3.
R1
R2
R3
VT
IT = 11 A; Re = 1.09
V1 = V2 =
V3 = 12 V
2
4
6
I T = I1 + I 2 + I3

12 V

12 V
I1
6A
2

12 V
I2
3A
4

6 A + 3 A + 2 A = 11
A

12 V
I3
2A
6
Check
Check !!

Short Cut: Two Parallel

Resistors
The equivalent resistance R for two
e

parallel resistors is the product divided

by the sum.
RR

1
1
1
;
Re R1 R2

VT

Exampl
e: R
R2
1
6

RRee R11 R22

RR11 RR22

(3 )(6 )
Re
3 6
RRee =
= 22

Series and Parallel

Combinations

In complex circuits resistors are often

connected in both series and parallel
.
R
1

In
In such
such cases,
cases, its
its best
best
to
to use
use rules
rules for
for series
series
and
and parallel
parallel
resistances
resistances to
to reduce
reduce
the
the circuit
circuit to
to aa simple
simple
circuit
circuit containing
containing one
one
source
source of
of emf
emf and
and one
one
equivalent
equivalent resistance.
resistance.

VT R2

VT

R3

Re

Example 4. Find the equivalent

resistance for the circuit drawn below
(assume VT = 12 V).
VT

(3 )(6 )

2
3 6

R3,6

Re = 4 + 2
RRee=
= 66

12
V

12
V

Example 3 (Cont.) Find the total current

IT.
RRee=
= 66

VT

VT 12 V
I

Re 6
IITT=
= 2.00
2.00 AA

12
V

12
V

IT

Example 3 (Cont.) Find the currents and

the voltages across each resistor

VT

II44 =
= IITT =
= 22 AA

V4 = (2 A)(4 ) = 8
V

The remainder of the voltage: (12 V 8 V =

4 V) drops across EACH of the parallel
resistors.
This
This can
can also
also be
be found
found
VV33 =
= VV66 =
= 44
from
= I 3,6RR3,6
= (2 A)
from VV3,6
3,6 = I3,6
3,6 = (2 A)
VV
(2
(2 )
)
(Continued . . .)

Example 3 (Cont.) Find the currents and

voltages across each resistor
VV44 =
= VV33 =
= 44 VV
= 88 VV VV66 =

V3 4 V
I3

R3 3
V6 4 V
I6

R6 6

II33 =
= 1.33
1.33
AA
II66 =
= 0.667
0.667
AA

VT

II44 =
= 22 AA

Note that the junction rule is satisfied:

I
I (enter)
(enter) =
= I
I
(leaving)
(leaving)

IITT =
= II44 =
= II33 +
+ II66

Kirchoffs Laws for DC

Circuits

Kirchoffs
Kirchoffs first
first law:
law: The
The sum
sum of
of the
the
currents
currents entering
entering aa junction
junction is
is equal
equal to
to
the
the sum
sum of
of the
the currents
currents leaving
leaving that
that
junction.
junction.
Junction
Junction Rule:
Rule: I
I (enter)
(enter) =
= I
I
(leaving)
(leaving)
Kirchoffs
Kirchoffs second
second law:
law: The
The sum
sum of
of the
the
emfs
emfs around
around any
any closed
closed loop
loop must
must
equal
equal the
the sum
sum of
of the
the IR
IR drops
drops around
around
that
that same
same loop.
loop.
Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: EE =
=
IR
IR

Sign Conventions for

Emfs

When applying Kirchoffs laws you must

assume a consistent, positive tracing
direction.
When applying the voltage rule, emfs
are positive if normal output direction of
the emf is with the assumed tracing
direction.
+
If tracing from A to B,
B
A
this emf is considered
E
positive.
+
If tracing from B to A,
B
A
this emf is considered
E
negative.

Signs of IR Drops in
Circuits

When applying the voltage rule, IR drops

are positive if the assumed current
direction is with the assumed tracing
direction.
+
If tracing from A to B,
B
A
this IR drop is positive.
I
If tracing from B to A,
this IR drop is negative.

Kirchoffs Laws: Loop I

1. Assume possible
consistent flow of
2. currents.
Indicate positive output
R1
directions for emfs.
3. Indicate consistent
tracing direction.
(clockwise)
Junction
Junction Rule:
Rule: II22 =
= II11 +
+
II33
Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: EE =
= IR
IR
EE11++ EE22== II11RR11 ++II22RR22

R3

+
I1

Loop I
R2
E2

E1

I2
I3

E3

Kirchoffs Laws: Loop II

4. Voltage rule for Loop II:
Bottom Loop (II)
Assume
counterclockwise
I1
positive tracing
R1
E1
Loop I
Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: EE =
= IR
IR
direction.
R2
E2
EE22++ EE33=
= II22RR22 +
+ II33RR33
Would the same
equation apply if traced
clockwise?
Yes!
-- EE22 -- EE33=
= -I-I22RR22 -II33RR33

R3

I2
I3

Loop II

E3

Kirchoffs laws: Loop III

Outer Loop (III)
5. Voltage rule for Loop III:
Assume
counterclockwise
I1
positive tracing
R1
Loop I
E1
Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: EE =
= IR
IR
direction.
R2
E2
EE33 EE11== -I-I11RR11 ++II33RR33

Would the same

equation apply if traced
clockwise?
Yes! EE33-- EE11== II11RR11 -- II33RR33

R3

I2
I3

Loop II

E3

Four Independent
Equations
Outer Loop (III)

6. Thus, we now have four

independent equations
from Kirchoffs laws:

I 2 = I 1 + I3

R1

I1

Loop I
R2
E2

E1 + E2 = I1R1 + I2R2
E2 + E3 = I2R2 + I3R3
E3 - E1 = -I1R1 + I3R3

R3

E1

I2
I3

Loop II

E3

Example 4. Use Kirchoffs laws to find

the currents in the circuit drawn to the
right.
+
Junction
Rule:
I
+
I
=
Junction Rule: I22 + I33 =
II11
5
I
Consider Loop I
1
tracing clockwise to
Loop I 12 V
obtain: Rule: E = IR
10
Voltage
12 V = (5 )I1+
(10)I2
Recalling that V/ = A,
gives
5I
5I11 +
+ 10I
10I22 =
= 12
12 AA

I2

20

I3
6V

Example 5 (Cont.) Finding the currents.

Consider Loop II
tracing clockwise to
obtain:Rule: E = IR
Voltage

I1 5

6 V = (20 )I3- (10)I2

10

Simplifying: Divide
by 2 and V/ = A,
gives
10I
10I33 -- 5I
5I22 =
= 33 AA

I2

12 V

Loop II 20

I3
6V

Example 5 (Cont.) Three independent

equations can be solved for I1, I2, and I3.
(1)
(1) II22 +
+ II33 =
= II11
I1 5

(2)
(2) 5I
5I11 +
+ 10I
10I22 =
= 12
12 AA

12 V

(3)
(3) 10I
10I33 -- 5I
5I22 =
= 33 AA

10

Substitute Eq.(1) for I1 in

(2)
: I3 = 12 A
5(I2 + I3) +
10
Simplifying gives:

I2

I3
+

5I
5I22 +
+ 15I
15I33 =
= 12
12 AA

Loop II 20

6V

Example 5 (Cont.) Three independent

equations can be solved.
(1)
(1) II22 +
+ II33 =
= II11
(2)
(2) 5I
5I11 +
+ 10I
10I22 =
= 12
12 AA

(3)
(3) 10I
10I33 -- 5I
5I22 =
= 33
AA
15I
15I33 +
+ 5I
5I22 =
= 12
12 AA

Eliminate I2 by adding equations above

right:
10I3 - 5I2 = 3 A
Putting I3 = 0.6 A in (3)
15I3 + 5I2 = 12 A
10(0.6 A)gives:
5I2 = 3 A
25I3 = 15 A
I3 = 0.600
A

II22=
= 0.600
0.600 AA
Then from (1): II11=
= 1.20
1.20 AA

Summary of Formulas:
Rules
Rules for
for aa simple,
simple, single
single loop
loop circuit
circuit
containing
containing aa source
source of
of emf
emf and
and
resistors.
resistors.
Single
D
Resistance Rule: Re =
A
Loop
R
2

Current :

3
3V

E =

18 V

Voltage Rule:
IR

Summary (Cont.)
For resistors connected in series:
For
For series
series
connection
connection
s:
s:

II =
= II11 =
= II22 =
= II33
VVTT=
= VV11 +
+ VV22 +
+ VV33

RRee =
= RR11 +
+ RR22 +
+ RR33
RRee =
= RR

2
3 1
12 V

Summary (Cont.)
Resistors connected in parallel:
For
For parallel
parallel
connection
connection
s:
s:N
N 1
11
1

RRee i
R
i11 Ri i

RR11RR22
RRee
RR11 RR22

VV =
= VV11 =
= VV22 =
= VV33
IITT=
= II11 +
+ II22 +
+ II33
Parallel
RConnection
R2
R3
1

VT

12 V

Summary Kirchoffs Laws

Kirchoffs
Kirchoffs first
first law:
law: The
The sum
sum of
of the
the
currents
currents entering
entering aa junction
junction is
is equal
equal to
to
the
the sum
sum of
of the
the currents
currents leaving
leaving that
that
junction.
junction.
Junction
Junction Rule:
Rule: I
I (enter)
(enter) =
= I
I
(leaving)
(leaving)
Kirchoffs
Kirchoffs second
second law:
law: The
The sum
sum of
of the
the
emfs
emfs around
around any
any closed
closed loop
loop must
must
equal
equal the
the sum
sum of
of the
the IR
IR drops
drops around
around
that
that same
same loop.
loop.
Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: EE =
=
IR
IR

CONCLUSION: Chapter 28A

Direct Current Circuits