Computer Aided Design and

Computer Aided Manufacturing

Introduction to CAD/CAM

Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

IE433-CAD/CAM
CAD/CAM = Computer Aided Design and
Computer Aided Manufacturing. It is the
technology concerned with the use of
computers to perform design and
manufacturing functions.

Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

 CAD can be defined as the use of computer

systems to perform certain functions in the
design process.
CAM is the use of computer systems to
plan, manage and control the operations of
manufacturing plant through either direct or
indirect computer interface with the plants
production resources.

Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

From CAM definition, the application of

CAM falls into two broad categories:
1. Computer monitoring and control .

Computer

Computer

Process
data
Process data

Process

Process

Control signals
Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

2. Manufacturing support application .

Process data
Computer
Control signals

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Mfg
operations

CAD/CAM

History of CAD/CAM
4 major phases of development
1950s: Start of interactive computer graphics,
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), NC (Numerical Control),
APT (Automatically Programmed Tools)

1960s: Critical research period for interactive

computer graphics
Sketchpad by Ivan Sutherland, CAD
Lockheed initiated CADAM,
Storage tube-based turnkey system
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CAD/CAM

History of CAD/CAM . . .
1970s: Potential of interactive computer
graphics was realized by industry,
SIGGRAPH, NCGA, IGES,
Golden era for computer drafting,
Wireframe modeling

1980s: CAD/CAM heady years of research,

Integration, Solid modeling

1990s: CIM, EDB, PDM, CALS, VR

Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

1.3 CAD/CAM Market Trends

Microcomputers
and
engineering
workstations (EWS).
Traditional turnkey systems.
The key factor to the future success of
CAD/CAM is the development of versatile
tools for design and manufacturing
applications
Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

CAD/CAM
market by
end-user industry

Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

CAD/CAM
market by
application type

Pankaj Chhabra

CAD/CAM

The Product Cycle and

CAD/CAM
In order to establish the scope and definition
of CAD/CAM in an engineering environment
and identify existing and future related tools,
a study of a typical product cycle is
necessary. The following Figure shows a
flowchart of such a cycle.

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CAD/CAM

Typical Product Life Cycle

Design
definitions,
specifications,
and requirements

Design
needs

Analysis
Design
documentation and
communication

Collecting
relevant design
information and
feasibility study

Synthesis

The CAD Process

Design
evaluation

Production
planning

Process
planning

The Design Process

Design and
procurement of
new tools
Order
materials

Design
optimization

Design
analysis

Design
modeling and
simulation

Design
conceptualization

The Manufacturing Process

The CAM Process
Production

Quality
control

Packaging

Shipping

NC, CNC, DNC

programming
Marketing

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CAD/CAM

The product begins with a need which is identified

based on customers' and markets' demands.
The product goes through two main processes from
the idea conceptualization to the finished product:
1. The design process.
2. The manufacturing process.
The main sub-processes that constitute the design process
are:

3. Synthesis.
4. Analysis.
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CAD/CAM

Implementation of a Typical CAD Process on

a CAD/CAM system
Design changes
Delineation of
Design and
geometric model
Analysis algorithms
Definition
translator
Geometric model
Interface
algorithms
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Drafting and
detailing
Documentation
To CAM Process
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CAD/CAM

CAD Tools Required to Support the Design Process

Design phase
Design conceptualization

Required CAD tools

Geometric modeling techniques;
Graphics aids; manipulations; and
visualization

Design modeling and simulation Same as above; animation; assemblies;

special modeling packages.
Design analysis

Analysis packages; customized

programs and packages.

Design optimization

Customized applications; structural

optimization.

Design evaluation

Dimensioning; tolerances; BOM; NC.

Design communication and

documentation

Drafting and detailing

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CAD/CAM

Implementation of a Typical CAM Process on

a CAD/CAM system
Geometric model

Inspection

Interface
algorithms

Assembly

Process planning

Packaging

NC programs
To shipping and marketing
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CAD/CAM

CAM Tools Required to Support the Design Process

Manufacturing phase

Required CAM tools

Process planning

CAPP techniques; cost

analysis; material and
tooling specification.

Part programming

NC programming

Inspection

CAQ; and Inspection

software
Robotics simulation and
programming

Assembly

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CAD/CAM

Definitions of CAD Tools Based on Their

Constituents
Computer
graphics
concepts
CAD
tools

Design tools

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Geometric
modeling
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CAD/CAM

Definition of CAD Tools Based on Their Implementation

in a Design Environment

Design tools + Computer

Hardware
(control unit; display
terminals;
I/O devices

= CAD tools

Software (graphics;
modeling; applications
programs

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CAD/CAM

Definitions of CAM Tools Based on Their

Constituents
Networking
concepts

CAM
tools

Mfg tools

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CAD

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CAD/CAM

Definition of CAM Tools Based on Their Implementation

in a Manufacturing Environment
Hardware
(control unit; display
terminals;
I/O devices
Mfg tools + Computer

Software (CAD; NC;

MRP; CAPP)

= CAM tools

Networking
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CAD/CAM

Definitions of CAD/CAM Tools Based on

Their Constituents
Mfg tools

Design tools

CAD/CAM
Geometric
tools
Networking
modeling
Computer
graphics
concepts
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CAD/CAM

Definition of CAD/CAM Tools Based on Their

Implementation in an Engineering Environment
Hardware

Design and + Computer

Mfg tools

Software

= CAD/CAM tools

Networking
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CAD/CAM

Typical Utilization of CAD/CAM Systems in an Industrial Environmen

Geometric modeling and graphics package

Process planning
Geometric modeling
of conceptual design

Is design evaluation
Possible with available
Standard software?

Design
package

No

Yes

Are there
manufacturing
discrepancies in CAD
databases?

Yes
Design testing
And evaluation

No

CAPP package

Is final design
Applicable?
Yes
Drafting
Documentation

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Develop customized
programs and
packages
Programming
package

No
NC
programming

NC
package

Machining
Inspection
Assembly

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Inspection
And Robotics
package

CAD/CAM

Advantages of CAD/CAM
systems

Greater flexibility.
Reduced lead times.
Reduced inventories.
Increased Productivity.
Improved customer
service.
Improved quality.
Improved communications
with suppliers.
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Better product design.

Greater manufacturing
control.
Supported integration.
Reduced costs.
Increased utilization.
Reduction of machine
tools.
Less floor space.
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CAD/CAM

Disadvantages of CAD / CAM

Can be very expensive to set up. A single industrial robot can

cost millions
It can take a long time to train people to use more complex
equipment.
Little need for poorly qualified workers.
Fewer people are needed, and this can result in higher
unemployment

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CAD/CAM