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DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
POST DISASTER PHASE
MEASURES
Prepared by Asst.Prof.Engr.Rehan Masood
Outline
DRM Measures
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
Development
REHABILITATION
Rehabilitation Definition
It is the restoration of basic social functions.
To restore buildings, or parts of towns, to their former condition or better.
Rehabilitation, that looks at more long term inputs of reinstating lost livelihoods,
introducing new economic opportunities and improving land and water management
processes so as to reduce peoples vulnerability and enhance capacities to handle
future calamities.
Recovery essentially concerns rehabilitation as well as developing the tools to mitigate
against the future impact of a disaster, and should return the community to an
improved state of post-disaster. This includes those activities that continue beyond the
emergency period to restore lifelines. Examples include providing temporary shelters,
restoring power, critical stress debriefing for emergency responders and victims, job
assistance, small business loans, and debris clearance.
Disaster rehabilitation may be considered a transitional phase between immediate
relief and recovery.
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
Types of Rehabilitation
1. Physical rehabilitation is a very important facet of rehabilitation. It
includes reconstruction of physical infrastructure such as houses,
buildings, railways, roads, communication network, water supply,
electricity and so on. It comprises short-term and long-term strategies
towards watershed management, canal irrigation, social forestry, crop
stabilization, alternative cropping techniques, job creation, employment
generation and environmental protection. It involves rehabilitation for
agriculture, artisans, small businessmen and animal husbandry. The
physical rehabilitation and reconstruction package must also incorporate
adequate provision for subsidies, farm implements, acquisition of land
for relocation sites, adherence of land use planning, flood plain zoning,
retrofitting or strengthening of undamaged houses, and construction of
model houses.
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
Types of Rehabilitation
2. Social rehabilitation is also an important part of disaster
rehabilitation. The vulnerable groups such as the elderly,
orphans, single women and young children would need
special social support to survive the impact of disasters.
Thus, construction of infrastructure such as community
centres, day-care centres, anganwadis or homes for women,
balwadis or crches and old age homes is a vital part of social
rehabilitation. The rehabilitation plan must have components
that do not lose sight of the fact that the victims have to
undergo the entire process of re-socialization and
adjustments in a completely unfamiliar social milieu
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
Types of Rehabilitation
3. Psychological rehabilitation
Dealing with victims psychology is a very sensitive issue
and must be dealt with caution and concern. The
psychological trauma of losing relatives and friends, and
the scars of the shock of disaster event can take much
longer to heal than the stakeholders in disaster
management often presume. The fear of changing means
of livelihood could lead to occupational disruption and
subsequently high degree of occupational redundancy in
the victims.
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
Rehabilitation Training
This type of personnel training is to ensure that skilled
personnel are available to serve the rehabilitation needs of
individuals with disabilities in the aftermath of a disaster. The
programme supports training and related activities to increase
qualified personnel trained in providing rehabilitation
programmes. The trainings are funded by donors under
bilateral or multilateral agreements. This training also may
introduce low cost housing packages- for example the one that
is recommended by Habitat for Humanity International.
However, buildings constructed out of local materials should
also be reinforced to meet hurricane force winds.
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
Stakeholders in Rehabilitation
The role and responsibilities of all the stakeholders (planners, governmental
agencies, NGOs, international agencies, self-help groups, and community) need to
be clearly demarcated in the rehabilitation plan.
The measures pertaining to rehabilitation cannot be sustained if they are not
institutionalized. Local authorities have to be in active dialogue over priorities and
focus of rehabilitation strategies. Efforts have to be made to establish and sustain
the institutions that are involved in disaster rehabilitation such as micro-credit
societies, environmental forums, grain banks, fodder banks, seed banks, mahila
mandals, pani panchayats and so on.
There is also a need to fix accountability on each organization involved in disaster
rehabilitation. The duties of the army, paramilitary, home guards, civil defence,
police, fire services, public sector and media need to be streamlined, in order to
avoid haphazard coordination, multiliplicty of tasks, duplicity of organizations, red
tapism, delay and wastage.
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
RECONSTRUCTION
Reconstruction
The full resumption of socio-economic activities plus preventive
measures.
Reconstructionfollowing relief and extending to a period of
approximately two years, aimed at rebuilding the basic physical
infrastructure and shelter to enable people to begin afresh.
Reconstruction should be viewed as an opportunity to
accelerate development work. It is an ideal time to introduce
improved
animal
husbandry
techniques,
rangeland
management, water resource development schemes and
erosion control measures.
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
Reconstruction Phase
This stage lasts for several years following the disaster. In
this stage people have already assumed the responsibility
of recovery and work together to develop reconstruction
plans and programs. Reconstruction and rebuilding may be
going on around them but the community has already
returned to its normal routine; with some adaptation.
The above stages will assist you as a disaster officer to
understand what people in disasters go through. Why? As
a disaster officer, you will be able to make better informed
decisions, to be able to meet the emotional needs that
may arise during and after a disaster.
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
Rehabilitation or Reconstruction
Phase
Rehabilitation or reconstruction phase: once permanent
solution is obtained, the focus shifts from relief to
development. The aim is to help the affected community
become self-reliant. The responsibility of providing assistance
is handed over to the affected community, the local
authorities,
development
agencies
and
other
nongovernmental organizations. Because humanitarian and
development technicians have different approaches to
providing assistance and the infrastructure for relief is
inadequate for development, the programs are re-oriented and
redesigned.
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
From Reconstruction to
Rehabilitation
The reconstruction of shelter and community infrastructure, in fact, forms an important entry point for the
rehabilitation
process.
A reconstruction program is the first step towards restoring and upgrading local habitat. It introduces improved
systems of building, sets up basic building element supply, builds up the skills and management capacity of
families, local agencies and village artisans in a restricted area and sets up local information and knowledge
systems.
All
these
to
enable
"better
building".
A holistic view of "Habitat" that links the process of housing with the capacity to make and exercise informed
choices w.r.t. building construction, habitat improvement and economic betterment is the larger goal.
Re-establishing peoples lives through rehabilitation efforts involves:
Moving up the ladder from house to habitat to livelihood
Local awareness creation including training for all so that people gain control over the housing process.
Capacity Building and linking to enterprises-Livelihood support
Devising livelihood interventions in the farm and non-farm sectors based on new economic opportunities to
create economic surpluses (that can be directed to responsive housing)
Creating a basis for community access to institutional housing finance
DEVELOPMENT
Definition
Sustainable development involves more than growth. It requires a
change in the content of growth to make it more equitable in its
impact.
The main objective of sustainable development is to prevent acts
of nature from becoming disasters. The main focus of sustainable
development is to mitigate the conflict between development and
environment to safeguard the resources for the present and future
generations.
While at first glance, this may seem unrelated to disaster
prevention, the truth is that they are intricately entwined
(Dhameja, 2001).
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD
First, the selection of the improved technologies and construction systems should bear
in mind the long-term affordability of the affected population. This involves correct
selection of raw materials, production processes and scales of delivery. An optimum
combination of large industry based materials and village enterprise based production
with materials sourced from regional building centers.
Secondly, a parallel intervention in improving quality of life through enlarged livelihood
options and improved land, water, resource management practices resulting in
enhanced purchasing power within communities.
And, thirdly, interventions of housing and livelihood finance are required that enable
people
to
access
available
building
options.
Development opportunities
afforded
by
disasters
Disaster can serve as a catalyst for introducing mitigation activities.
Disasters often create a political and economic atmosphere wherein extensive
changes can be made more rapidly than under normal circumstances.
For example, in the aftermath of a disaster, there may be major opportunities
to execute land reform programs, to improve the overall housing
stock, to create new jobs and job skills, and to expand and modernize
the economic base of the community - opportunities that would not
otherwise be possible.
Disasters can also highlight high-risk areas where action must be taken before
another disaster strikes. The realization of vulnerability can motivate policymakers and the public to participate in mitigation activities. Disasters may
also serve to highlight the fact that the country is seriously under-developed.
They can thus bring in funding and the attention of donor communities to
apply to long-term development needs (Henderson, 1990).
PREPARED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ENGR.REHAN MASOOD