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An
Development of an
Algorithm
Designing
Validation
Algorithms
of algorithm
Analysing
the Algorithm/Performance
Analysis
Testing the program
Debugging
Profiling
Algorithm Specification
Can
Pseudo-code Method
Pseudo-code conventions
To
1.Assignment
of values to variables is
done by using the assignment
statement
General form:- <variable> = <expression>
2.In
1.The
while <condition> do
{
Statement 1
..
Statement n
}
repeat
Statement 1
..
Statement n
until <condition>
1.A
Recursive Algorithm
An
The
Tower A
Tower B
Tower C
AB
Tower A
Tower B
Tower C
AC
Tower A
Tower B
Tower C
BC
Tower A
Tower B
Tower C
AB
Tower A
Tower B
Tower C
CA
Tower A
Tower B
Tower C
CB
Tower A
Tower B
Tower C
AB
Tower A
Tower B
Tower C
1.Algorithm TowersofHanoi(n,x,y,z)
2.//Move the top n disks from tower x to tower y.
3.{
4.
if(n1) then
5.
{
6.
TowersofHanoi(n-1,x,z,y);
7.
Write(move top disk from tower X ,to
top
8.
9.
10.}
of tower ,Y);
TowersofHanoi(n-1,z,y,x);
}
TowersofHanoi (n, x, y, z)
TowersofHanoi (n-1, x, z, y)
TowersofHanoi
(n-1, x, z, y)
TowersofHanoi
(n-1, x, z, y)
TowersofHanoi
(n-1, z, y, x)
TowersofHanoi TowersofHanoi
(n-1, z, y, x)
(n-1, x, z, y)
TowersofHanoi (n-1, z, y, x)
TowersofHanoi
(n-1, x, z, y)
TowersofHanoi
(n-1, z, y, x)
TowersofHanoi
(n-1, z, y, x)
TowersofH
TowersofHanoi (n-1, z, y, x
(n-1, x, z, y)
TowersofHanoi TowersofHanoi
(n-1, x, z, y)
(n-1, z, y, x)
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Space
Complexity:
Time
Complexity:
Space Complexity:
The
1.A
S(P) = c+ Sp(Instance
characteristics)
where c is a constant.
Example-1 :1.Algorithm
2.{
3. return
4.}
The
abc(a,b,c)
a+b+b*c+(a+b-c)/(a+b) +4.0;
The
Rsum(a, n)
The
Each
Time Complexity:
Two
Importance
For example,
For comment line
0 steps
Assignment statements 1 steps
In iterative statement such as
for, while & repeat-until Control
part of the statement. The step count of
the control part is one.
2.{
Find the time complexity of
algorithm Sum.
For
finding,
3.s=
0.0;here a count
variable is introduced.
4.count = count+1;
5.for i=1 to n do
6.
7.
count
=count+1;
8.
s=s+a[i];
9.
1.Algorithm Sum(a,
2.{
3.
s=0.0;
4.
for i= 1 to n do
5.
s= s+a[i];
6.
return s;
7. }
n)
count=count+1;
10.
}
11.count=count+1;
12.count=count+1;
13.return s;
14.}
2.{
Find the time complexity of
algorithm Sum.
For
finding,
3.s=
0.0;here a count
variable is introduced.
4.count = count+1;
5.for i=1 to n do
6.
7.
count
=count+1;
8.
s=s+a[i];
9.
1.Algorithm Sum(a,
2.{
3.
s=0.0;
4.
for i= 1 to n do
5.
s= s+a[i];
6.
return s;
7. }
n)
count=count+1;
10.
}
11.count=count+1;
12.count=count+1;
13.return s;
14.}
2.{
Find the time complexity of
algorithm Sum.
For
finding,
3.s=
0.0;here a count
variable is introduced.
4.count = count+1;
5.for i=1 to n do
6.
7.
count
=count+1;
8.
s=s+a[i];
9.
1.Algorithm Sum(a,
2.{
3.
s=0.0;
4.
for i= 1 to n do
5.
s= s+a[i];
6.
return s;
7. }
n)
count=count+1;
10.
}
11.count=count+1;
12.count=count+1;
13.return s;
14.}
2.{
Find the time complexity of
algorithm Sum.
For
finding,
3.s=
0.0;here a count
variable is introduced.
4.count = count+1;
5.for i=1 to n do
6.
7.
count
=count+1;
8.
s=s+a[i];
9.
1.Algorithm Sum(a,
2.{
3.
s=0.0;
4.
for i= 1 to n do
5.
s= s+a[i];
6.
return s;
7. }
n)
count=count+1;
10.
}
11.count=count+1;
12.count=count+1;
13.return s;
14.}
2.{
Find the time complexity of
algorithm Sum.
For
finding,
3.s=
0.0;here a count
variable is introduced.
4.count = count+1;
5.for i=1 to n do
6.
7.
count
=count+1;
8.
s=s+a[i];
9.
1.Algorithm Sum(a,
2.{
3.
s=0.0;
4.
for i= 1 to n do
5.
s= s+a[i];
6.
return s;
7. }
n)
count=count+1;
10.
}
11.count=count+1;
12.count=count+1;
13.return s;
14.}
1.Algorithm Sum(a,
2.{
3.
s=0.0;
4.
for i= 1 to n do
5.
s= s+a[i];
6.
return s;
7. }
n)
1.Algorithm Sum(a , n)
2.{
3.s= 0.0;
4.count = count+1;
5.for i=1 to n do
6. {
7.
count =count+1;
8.
s=s+a[i];
9.
count=count+1;
10.
}
11.count=count+1;
12.count=count+1;
13.return s;
14.}
1.Algorithm Sum(a,
2.{
3.
s=0.0;
4.
for i= 1 to n do
5.
s= s+a[i];
6.
return s;
7. }
1.Algorithm Sum(a , n)
2.{
3.s= 0.0;
4.count = count+1;
5.for i=1 to n do
6. {
7.
count =count+1;
8.
s=s+a[i];
9.
count=count+1;
10.
}
FALSE
11.count=count+1; CASE
12.count=count+1;
13.return s;
14.}
n)
1.Algorithm Sum(a,
2.{
3.
s=0.0;
4.
for i= 1 to n do
5.
s= s+a[i];
6.
return s;
7. }
n)
1.Algorithm Sum(a , n)
2.{
3.s= 0.0;
4.count = count+1;
5.for i=1 to n do
6. {
7.
count =count+1;
8.
s=s+a[i];
9.
count=count+1;
10.
}
11.count=count+1;
12.count=count+1;FOR THE RETURN
STMT
13.return s;
14.}
1.Algorithm Rsum(a, n)
2.{
3.if (n 0) then return
0.0;
4.else return
Rsum(a, n-1)+
a[n];
5.}
Rsum(a, n)
3.
count = count+1;
4.
if (n 0) then
FOR THE IF
CONDITION
5. {
6.
count =count+1;
7.
return 0.0;
8.
}
9. else
10. {
11. count=count+1;
12.
return Rsum(a, n-1)+ a[n];
13. }
14.}
1.Algorithm Rsum(a, n)
2.{
3.if (n 0) then return
0.0;
4.else return
Rsum(a, n-1)+
a[n];
5.}
Rsum(a, n)
3.
count = count+1;
4.
if (n 0) then
5. {
6.
count =count+1; FOR THE RET
7.
return 0.0;
8.
}
9. else
10. {
11. count=count+1;
12.
return Rsum(a, n-1)+ a[n];
13. }
14.}
1.Algorithm Rsum(a, n)
2.{
3.if (n 0) then return
0.0;
4.else return
Rsum(a, n-1)+
a[n];
5.}
Rsum(a, n)
3.
count = count+1;
4.
if (n 0) then
5. {
6.
count =count+1;
7.
return 0.0;
8.
}
9. else
10. {
FOR THE ADDI
FUNCTION INVO
& RETURN
11. count=count+1;
12.
return Rsum(a, n-1)+ a[n];
13. }
14.}
When
tRSum (n) =
if n=0
Statement
1. Algorithm Sum(a,n)
2.{
3.
S=0.0;
4.
for i=1 to n do
5.
s=s+a[i];
6.
return s;
7. }
Total
S/e
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
Frequenc
y
Total
1
n+1
n
1
-
0
0
1
n+1
n
1
0
2n+3
Statement
S/e
1.Algorithm Rsum(a, n)
2.{
3.if (n 0) then
4.
return 0.0;
5.else return
Rsum(a, n-1)+ a[n];
6.}
Total
n=0
n>0
- 0
1
1
1
1
1 1
0 1
1+
x
0
0
-
1 0
- 1+x
0
Total
x=
Frequency
n=0
n>0
tRSum(n-1)
2
2+x
Asymptotic analysis:
Expressing
Asymptotic notation:
1.Big
Upper Bound
Asymptotic notation:
1.Big
Asymptotic notation:
1.Big
Asymptotic notation:
1.Big
Asymptotic notation:
1.Big
Asymptotic notation:
1.Big
Asymptotic notation:
1.Big
Asymptotic notation:
1.Big
Asymptotic notation:
1.Big
Notation
Computing Time
O(1)
O(n)
O(n2)
O(n3)
O(2n)
O(log n)
Constant
Linear
Quadratic
Cubic
Exponential
Logarithmic
Asymptotic notation:
1.Omega:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Omega:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Omega:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Omega:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Omega:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Omega:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
Asymptotic notation:
1.Theta:
O-notation
Little
Recurrence Relation
When
if n=1
2T(n/2) +(n) if n>1
(1)
1.T(n)
= 2T(n/2)+3n2