THE EAR

Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear

OUTER EAR
By: Clarizza C. Baldoza

1. PINNA(auricle)
2. EAR CANAL(external auditory
canal)
3.TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (ear
drum)

The external ear

 The pinna the part of the "ear" that we see on each side of our
heads
is made of cartilage and soft tissue so that it keeps a particular
shape but is also flexible.
It serves as a collector of sound vibrations around us and guides
the vibrations into the ear canal. It helps us decide the direction
and source of sound.
the cartilage of the ear; it acts as a funnel to capture the sound.
If you cup your hands to your ears (do it now), youll notice the
sound of my voice is louder.
If you rolled up a piece of paper like a funnel and put it to your
ear, it functions like the pinna.
The transmission of sound vibrations through the outer ear occurs
chiefly through AIR.

Pinna/auricle

 The external auditory canalextends from from the

typmpanic membranemedially to the
external auditory meatus (EAM)laterally.
It is typically 2.5cm in overall length.
The lateral 1.5cm are bounded by a fibrocartilagenous
tube continuous with theauricle.
The medial 1cm is formed by the bony margins of the
temporal bone (squamous part superiorly, mastoid part
posteriorly).
The skin of this inner part is directly applied to periosteum,
with no subcutaneous tissue present.

External auditory canal

 The tympanic membrane is the thin piece of

tissue that separates the external structures of
the ear from the middle and inner ear. Also called
the eardrum, the tympanic membrane receives
sound and carries the vibration to the tiny bones
inside the ear. timpanic membrane
Examples:Using a cotton swab to clean the ear
can damage the tympanic membrane.

The Middle
Ear
Presentation by : Marjorie Ann Salas

Tympanic Cavity

it is a small cavity surrounding the

bonesof themiddle ear.

Auditory Ossicles

transmit acoustic vibrations from the

eardrum to the inner ear

Auditory Ossicles
Malleus (hammer)
- long handle attached to the ear drum

Incus (anvil)
- the bridge bone between Malleus and the stapes
Stapes (stirrup)
- the footplate; the smallest bone in the body

Auditory Tube
( Eustachian Tube)
- tube that runs from the middle ear to the pharynx

Ear
Presentation by : Patricia Kim
Sunga

the essential part of the

vertebrate organ of hearing
and equilibrium that
typically is located in the
temporal bone, is
innervated by the auditory
nerve, and includes the
vestibule, the semicircular
canals, and the cochlea
-called also internal ear

Anterior
situated at or directed toward the
front; opposite of posterior. In
quadrupeds the use of the term is
limited to parts of the head but is
often used to mean cranially. In
bipeds such as humans it is
synonymous with ventral.

Lateral
denoting a position farther from the
median plane or midline of the body
or a structure.

Posterior
directed toward or situated at the
back; opposite of anterior. In
quadrupeds usually applied only to
parts of the head.

Cristae within
ampullae
is a cone-shaped structure,
covered in receptor cells
called "hair cells.

Utricle
A small sac or pouch. A dilated
portion of the membranous labyrinth
receiving the ampullae of the
semicircular canals; contains an area
of sensory epithelium, the macula
utriculi.

Saccule
The smaller of the two membranous sacs
in the vestibule of the labyrinth, lying in
the spheric recess; it is connected with
the cochlear duct by a very short tube,
the ductus reuniens, and with the
utriculus by the beginning of the
endolymphatic sac and the
utriculosaccularis duct that joins it.

Vestibulocochlear
nerve
A composite sensory nerve that emerges
from the brainstem at the cerebellopontine
angle, innervates the receptor cells of the
membranous labyrinth, and consists of two
major anatomically and functionally distinct
components: the vestibular nerve and the
cochlear nerve. Also called acoustic nerve,
eighth cranial nerve.

Cochlear duct
is an endolymph filled cavity inside the
cochlea, located in between the tympanic
duct and the vestibular duct, separated
by the basilar membrane and Reissner's
membrane (the vestibular membrane)
respectively.

Vestibular duct
A spiral membranous tube
suspended within the cochlea,
occupying the lower portion of
the vestibular canal.

Tympanic duct
the wall that separates the
cochlear duct from the scala
tympani; it consists of the
osseous spiral lamina and the
basilar membrane.

Cochlea
the auditory portion of the inner ear. It is a
spiral tunnel about 30 mm long with two
full and three quarter-turns, resembling a
tiny snail shell and containing the sense
organ for hearing.

Cochlea

Auditory pathways

Auditory pathways
Auditory Nerve - Axons from hair cells
Cochlear Nucleus - Sends information from the
auditory nerve to the Superior Olive and to the Inferior
Colliculus
Superior Olive - Analogous to the Optic Chiasm information from both ears crosses over to be sent to
both hemispheres
Inferior Colliculus - Analogous to the Superior
Colliculus for vision - Orienting and reflexive
localization -- recent studies show multimodal neurons
in the colliculus which share visual and auditory
information for orientation movements
Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) Relays information
from the SO to A1

Equilibrium
By: Rina Puti

Static equilibrium
Maculae
It is a receptor within the membrane sacs of the vestibule, it
reports on changes in the position of the head in space with
respect to the pull of gravity when the body is not moving.
It provides information on which way is up and down, they help
us keep our head erect.
Each macula is a patch of receptor (hair) cells with their hairs
embedded in the otolithic membrane

Otholitic membrane

A jelly like mass studded with otholiths,

tiny stone made of calcium salts.
As the head moves the otholits roll in
reponse to changes in the pull of gravity.
This movement create a pull on the gel,
which in turn slides like a greased plate
over the hair cells, which sends impulses
along the vestibular nerve (a division of
cranial nerve VIII) to the cerebellum of
the brain, informing it of the position of
the head in space.

Macula

Equilibrium Pathway

Dynamic equilibrium
A receptor found in the semicircular
canals, responds to angular or
rotatory movements of the head
rather than the straight line
movements.
Within the ampula, a swollen region
at the base of each membranous
semicircular canal, is a receptor
region called a crista ampullaris

Crista ampullaris

consists of a tuft of hair cells

covered with a gelatinous cap called
the cupula

Hearing Loss
Conduction Deafness - any damage to the middle ear
which impairs hearing
Nerve Deafness or Presbicusis- Effects High
Frequencies - Less elasticity in the Basilar membrane Loss of nutrients to cochlea - Cumulative effects of noise
Noise Exposure - Effects High Frequencies - Both
Sudden and prolonged exposure
When high Frequency hearing is impaired speech
perception becomes increasingly difficult

Auditory Impairments,
Sensory Substitution
& Treatments

Types of Impairment
1.Conduction Deafness
2.Nerve Deafness
3.Cortical Deafness

Causes of Type I Nerve Deafness

Presbycusis Old Ear -- High
Frequency hearing loss
Noise Induced Hearing Loss: Also
effects high frequencies Damage to
cilia or Bassilar membrane -- Tinitus
Infection of Cochlea Damage to
cilia
Meniers Disease: Excessive fluid
pressure in Cochlea damages Organ
of Corti.

Nerve Deafness
Damage to the Cochlea, Or Path
to Cortex

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Cilia or Hair Cells

Basilar Membrane
Auditory Nerve
Olive
Auditory Tract
Inferior Colliculus
MGN of Thalamus
Auditory Projections

Causes of Type II Nerve Deafness

Degenerative nerve
disease
Congenital disorder
Infection
Stroke
Trauma

Treating Type II Nerve Deafness

No cure at present
Stem cells research is designed to
allow new nerve growth in damaged
areas.
Has already worked with Parkinsons
and Tourrettes
Should work for vision, audition,
Alzheimers, Epilepsy, stroke, etc.

Summary of Nerve Deafness

Caused by damage between cochlea and

cortex
Cochlear Implants
Stem Cell Research

Sensory Substitution

ASL:
Closed Captioning Foundation