Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
PHARMACOTHERAPY
KASUS
IBU BERUSIA 54 TAHUN MENGELUH NYERI PADA SENDI
DENGAN DIAGNOSE SERO POSITIF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
DIBERI ASPIRIN 8 TABLET PERHARI KELUHAN TIDAK HILANG
LALU DIGANTI METHOTREXATE MTX 7.5 MG SETIAP MINGGU
OBAT BEEREFEK BAIK SELAMA BEBRAPA BULAN SAM PAI
MUNCUL ASIMPTOMATIK HYPERURICEMIA DAN DITERAPI DENGAN
PROBENECID
DOSIS METOTREXATE BERIKUT MENYEBABKAN PANCYTOPENIA DAN
SEPSIS, PROBENECID DI STOP MTX TERUS TANPA EFEK SAMPING
SAMPAI BEBERAPA BULAN (OK AKUMULASI OBAT).
PENDERITA MULAI MENGELUH DEMAM SESAK KALAU BEKERJA,
BATUK KERING, PEMERIKSAAN FISIK HANYA DITEMUKAN
RONKI KERING, RADIOLGI TIDAK ADA KELAINAN
PENDERITA DI TERAPI SEPERTI PAYAH JANTUNG DENGAN FUROSEMID
DAN MTX TETAP DILANJUTKAN
KELUHAN BERTAMBAH, SEBAGAI PASIEN POLI DITAMBAH DENGAN
CEFALEXIN UNTUK PENGOBATAN PNEMONIA
KELUHAN MENJADI BERAT MRS OLEH KARENA DIDUGA MENDERITA
MTX INDUCED INERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS DITERAPI FOLIC ACID
DIAGNOSE PASTI DITEGAKKAN DENGAN BIOPSI PARU LALU
DIPASTIKAN DAN DIMULAI PENGOBATAN DENGAN CORTICOSTEROID
NAMUN PASIEN MENINGGAL DUNIA
BERAKIBAT FATAL
RATIONAL THERAPEUTIC :
PRESCRIBING DRUGS TO MAXIMIZE THE
CHANCES OF EFFICACY AND TO MINIMIZE
DRUG INDUCED ILLNESS
STRIVE TO INDIVIDUALIZE THE THERAPEUTIC
PLAN TO MATCH THE NEEDS OF A PARTI
CULAR PATIENT BY FOLOWING THE SCIEN
TIFIC PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINE AND PHARMA
COLOGY
PROBLEM PENDERITA
KELUHAN PENDERITA
MEMBUAT DAFTAR
KELOMPOK OBAT
YANG EFFECTIF
SPESIFIKASI
TUJUAN TERAPI
MEMILIH KELOMPOK
OBAT YANG EFFECTIF
SESUAI KRITERIA
MEMULAI TERAPI
NENBERI INFORMASI
INSTRUKSI / PERINGATAN
DIAGNOSE PENYAKIT
PERTIMBANGKAN
EFFICACY
SAFETY
SUITABILITY
COST
MENENTUKAN P DRUGS
MONITORING
STOP TERAPI
PENENTUAN DOSIS
BERAT BADAN
LUAS PERMUKAN TUBUH
CARA PEMBERIAN
PARAMETER FARMAKOKINETIK OBAT:
HALF LIFE, CLEARANCE, Vd
TARGET KONSENTRATION
K
O
N
S
E
N
T
R
S
I
O
B
A
T
P
L
A
S
M
A
KEGAGALAN TERAPI
REGIMEN B
TERAPI SUKSES
REGIMEN
114-(0.8 x age)
------------------Ccreat (mg/dl)
114-(0.8 x umur)
--------------------------- x 1.00 atao 0.85
c creatinin ml/min
You sit in with a general practitioner and observe the following case.
A 52-year old taxi-driver complains of a sore throat and cough which
started two weeks earlier with a cold. He has stopped sneezing but
still has a cough, especially at night. The patient is a heavy smoker
who has often been advised to stop. Further history and examination
reveal nothing special, apart from a throat inflammation. The doctor
again advises the patient to stop smoking, and writes a prescription
for codeine tablets 15 mg, 1 tablet 3 times daily for 3 days.
Memilih obat
Step 1 mempertimbangkan pilihan
utama pengobatan
Step 2 menetapkan apakah pilihan
obat tadi cocok utuk pasien .
Tentukan tujuan terapi
Inventarisasi cara pengobatan yang
Akan dilakukan (p treatment)
advice /informasi
terapi non obat
terapi obat
referal
Memiilih obat (p Drugs )
setelah menimbang
efficacy
safety
cost
suitability
Example: patient 2
You are a young doctor, and one of your first patients is a 60-year old
man, with no previous medical history. During the last month he has had several
attacks of suffocating chest pain, which began during physical labour and
disappeared quickly after he stopped. He has not smoked for four years. His
father and brother died of a heart attack.Apart from occasionally taking some
aspirin he has not used any medication in the past year. Auscultation reveals a
murmur over the right carotid artery and the right femoral artery. Physical
examination reveals no other abnormalities. Blood pressure is 130/85, pulse 78
regular, and body weight is normal.You are fairly sure of the diagnosis, angina
pectoris, and explain the nature of this disease to him.
The patient listens carefully and asks:But, what can be done about it?.
You explain that the attacks are usually self-limiting, but that they can also be
stopped by drugs. Heresponds Well, that's exactly what I need. You tend to
agree that he might need a drug, but which? Atenolol, glyceryl trinitrate,
furosemide,metoprolol, verapamil, haloperidol (no, no that's something else) all
cross your mind. What to do now? You consider prescribing Cordacor1,
because you have read something about it in an advertisement. But which dose?
You have to admit that you are not very sure.
Later at home you think about the case, and about your problem in
finding the right drug for the patient. Angina pectoris is a common condition, and
you decide to choose a P-drug to help you in the treatment of future cases.
Oral forms
efficacy: (-) uncertain absorption and first-pass metabolism, (+) gradual effect
safety: (-) low peak values, uncertain absorption, gastric irritation
convenience: (-)? handling (children, elderly)
Sublingual tablets and aerosols
efficacy: (+) act rapidly, no first-pass metabolism
safety: (-) easy overdose
convenience: (-) aerosol difficult to handle, (+) tablets easy to use
Rectal preparations
efficacy: (-) uncertain absorption, (+) no first-pass metabolism, rectiol fast effect
safety: (-) local irritation
convenience: (+) in case of nausea, vomiting and problems with swallowing
Inhalation gasses and vapours
efficacy: (+) fast effect
safety: (-) local irritation
convenience: (-) need handling by trained staff
Injections
efficacy: (+) fast effect, no first-pass metabolism, accurate dosage possible
safety: (-) overdose possible, sterility often a problem
convenience: (-) painful, need trained staff, more costly than oral forms
Topical preparations
efficacy: (+) high concentrations possible, limited systemic penetration
safety: (-) sensitization in case of antibiotics, (+) few side effects
convenience: (-) some vaginal forms difficult to handle
Safety: Each drug has side effects, even your P-drugs. Side effects are a
major hazard in the industrialized world. It is estimated that up to 10% of
hospital admissions are due to adverse drug reactions. Not all drug
induced injury can be prevented, but much of it is caused by
inappropriate selection or dosage of drugs, and you can prevent that.
For many side effects, high risk groups can be distinguished. Often
these are exactly the groups of patients you should always be very
careful with: the elderly, children, pregnant women and those with
kidney or liver disease.
Cost: Your ideal choice in terms of efficacy and safety may also be
the most expensive drug, and in case of limited resources this may not be
possible. Sometimes you will have to choose between treating a small
number of patients with a very expensive drug, and treating a much larger
number of patients with a drug which is less ideal but still acceptable. This
is not an easy choice to make, but it is one which most prescribers will face.
The conditions of health insurance and reimbursement schemes
may also have to be considered. The best drug in terms of efficacy and
safety may not (or only partially) be reimbursed; patients may request you to
prescribe the reimbursed drug, rather than the best one. Where free
distribution or reimbursement schemes do not exist, the patient will have to
purchase the drug in a private pharmacy. When too many drugs are
prescribed the patient may only buy some of them, or insufficient quantities.
In these circumstances you should make sure that you only
prescribe drugs that are really necessary, available and affordable. You, the
prescriber, should decide which drugs are the most important,
not the patient or the pharmacist.
PEMILIHAN P DRUGS
PEMILIHAN P TREATMENT
PEMILIHAN P DRUGS
ANDA DIMINTA UNTUK MEMILIH OBAT DARI
KELOMPOK OBAT BERDASARKAN :
EFFICACY
SAFETY
SUITABILITY
COST
MEMBANDINGKAN TIGA KLPK OBAT DALAM HAL EFFICACY, SAFETY DAN SUITABILITY
EFFICACY
SAFETY
SUITABILITY
BETA BLOKER
FARMAKODINAMI
EFEK SAMPING
MENURUNKAN KONT
TRAKSI DAN FREQUENSI
PAYAH JANTUNG,
HIPOTENSI A-V BLOK
SINUS BRADIKARDI
BRONKOKONSTRIKSI
VASOKONSTRIKSI PD OTOT
HAMAT GLIKOGENOLYSYS
HAMBAT VASODILATASI
PD PENIS
FARMAKOKINETIK
LIPOPILICITY LEWAT BLOOD
BRAIN BARRIER MENINGKAT
CONTRAINDIKASI
HIPOTENSI CHF
BRADIKARDI, A-CV BLOK
PROVOKASI ASMA
ASMA BRONKIALE
TANGAN DAN KAKI DINGIN RAYNOD DISEASE
HYPOGLIKEMIA
DIABETES
IMPOTENCE
DROWSINESS, REAKSI
MENURUN MIMPI
BURUK
DISFUNGSI HATI
EFEK CEPAT : INJEKSI
EFFICACY OBAT :
TEMPAT KERJA OBAT ANGINA PECTORIS
NAMA OBAT
PRELOAD
CONTRAKTILITAS
FREQUENSI
AFTERLOAD
NITRATE
++
++
BETA BLOKER
++
++
++
Ca ANTAGONIS
++
++
++
MEMBANDINGKAN TIGA KLPK OBAT DALAM HAL EFFICACY, SAFETY DAN SUITABILITY
EFFICACY
SAFETY
SUITABILITY
NITRATE
FARMAKODINAMI
EFEK SAMPING
CONTRAINDIKASI
DILATASI PERIPER
TOLERANCE
KERACUNAN NITRAT
ANAEMIA
FARMAKOKINETIK
FIRST PASS METABOLISM
VARIASI ABSORBSI OBAT
GLCERYL TRINITRAT
MUDAH MENGUAP TIDAK
TAHAN LAMA
MEMBANDINGKAN TIGA KLPK OBAT DALAM HAL EFFICACY, SAFETY DAN SUITABILITY
EFFICACY
SAFETY
SUITABILITY
NITRATE
FARMAKODINAMI
EFEK SAMPING
CONTRAINDIKASI
DILATASI PERIPER
TOLERANCE
KERACUNAN NITRAT
ANAEMIA
FARMAKOKINETIK
FIRST PASS METABOLISM
VARIASI ABSORBSI OBAT
GLCERYL TRINITRAT
MUDAH MENGUAP TIDAK
TAHAN LAMA
MEMBANDINGKAN TIGA KLPK OBAT DALAM HAL EFFICACY, SAFETY DAN SUITABILITY
EFFICACY
SAFETY
SUITABILITY
CALSIUM BLOKER
FARMAKODINAMI
EFEK SAMPING
VASODILATOR KORONER
VASODIALTOR PERIPER
MENURUNKAN KONTRAKSI
MENURUNKAN FREKUENSI
TAKHKARDI
DIZZINESS, FLUSHING
HIPOTENSI, CHF
BRADIKARDI SINUD
A-V BLOK
CONTRAINDIKASI
HI[POTENSI
CHF, AV BLOK
SICK SINUD SYNDEROM
FARMAKOKINETIK
EFEK CEPAT : INJEKSI
2-30 M3NIT
0.5-4 JAM
0.5-10 JAM
PENTAERITRITOL TETRANITRAT
ORAL TAB. 5 MG
1-5 JAM
ISOSORBID MONO NITRAT
TAB ORAL 10-40 MG
TAB ORAL CAPS RETARD
0.5-4 JAM
1-10 MG
SAFETY
SUITABILITY
TIDAK BERBEDA
COST