Chapter 2

Energy and Matter

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Work is the capacity to move an object over a
distance against a resisting force.
Three categories of energy
Kinetic: applies to objects in motion
Potential: energy that applies to an objects position,
ex. Gravitational, electrical, chemical.
Radiant: Light energy

Measurement
Units: Calorie, joule
Calorie (cal): the amount of heat needed to
raise 1 g of water by 1 OC. This is known as
the specific heat of water.
Calorie (Cal): in food the Cal is equal to 1000
cal or 1kcal.
Joule: Named for James Joule, 4.184 J = 1
cal. The joule is an SI unit.
4.184 J will raise 1 g of water by 1OC.

Temperature
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) invented the first
thermometer.
Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) thermometer
maker, designed his own scale.
Anders Celsius (1701-1744) designed around
water. 0 OC = freezing, 100 OC = boiling.
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)
Absolute scale, absolute zero = 0K or -273.15 OC.
1 OC = 1K

Temperature
Centigrade Fahrenheit
1.8 x OC + 32 = OF

Centigrade Kelvin
OC + 273.15 = K

Fahrenheit Centigrade
???

Which scale is the SI unit?

HEAT CAPACITY AND

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
CALORIMETRY
The

heat capacity : the amount of

heat energy required to raise the
temperature of a substance by 1 o C or
1 K.(Unit : J K-1 or Jo C-1)
The specific heat capacity : the
amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of the
substance by 1 o C or 1 K.
( unit : J g-1 K-1)

 The

relationship between the amount

of heat (Q) and the specific heat (c) is
given by:
Q = mct

m = mass of the substance in gram

t = change in temperature]

 The

specific heat capacity of some

substance is given in the following
tableSubstance
Specific heat capacity
Aluminium
Methanol
Ethanoic acid
Water

(J g-1 K-1)
0.900
2.530
2.170
4.180

Example:
Calculate the heat capacity of 60 g of
water
The heat capacity of 60 g water
= (60g)(4.180 J g-1 K-1)(1K)
= 250.8 J
This means that 250.8 J is required to
increase the temperature of 60 g of
water by 1 K or 1o C

Calculate the heat required to raise the

temperature of 250 g of water from
28 o C to 58 o C.
Using the equation : Q = mcT

Q = mcT
= (250g)(4.180 J g-1 K-1)
(30K)
= 31350 J

TUTORIAL
1.

Calculate the heat involved when a

5.5g iron nail is cooled from 37 C to
25 C. (c = 0.449 J / g C)

2.

A 774g sample of water at 93.4 C

loses 51.83 kJ of heat. Calculate the
temperature of the water after
losing this amount of heat.
(c = 4.184 J / g C)

Matter
Definition: Anything that has mass and
takes up space.
Examples?
What cannot be classified as matter?
States:

Solid: high density, fixed shape and volume.

Liquid: high density, fixed volume, indefinite shape.
Gas: low density, indefinite shape and volume.
Plasma: low density, indefinite shape and volume.
Exists at very high temps.

Phase Change Diagram

Properties and Changes of Matter

Physical properties characteristics that are
observed w/o changing the substance. Ex.
Density, color, melting/boiling points.
Chemical properties characteristics that are
observed by altering a substance. Reactivity is
the primary example.
Like energy, matter is neither created nor
destroyed. Law of Conservation of Matter

Elements and Compounds

Element: any substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by a chemical
change.
Compound: a substance that contains two or
more elements combined in a fixed proportion.
Elements and compounds are pure substances.

Mixtures
A blend of two or more substances.
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous
Methods of separating mixtures: filtration,
chromatography, distillation (evaporation),
crystallization.

Theory of Matter
Is

made up of very small particles

It is always in a continual state of
motion
Has empty spaces in between particles
Unique for each substances
Held together by strong attractive
forces
Energy in each particle is affected by
temperature

Examples of Particles
Atom
Smallest
component element that still
Smallest
component
retain
chemical
properties of that
retain
chemical
element
and it is generally made up
properties
of a nucleus containing a combination
of protons and neutrons and one or
more electrons that is bound to the
nucleus by electrical attraction

Molecule
The smallest
particle of a substance
smallest
that still
retains the the
physical
and
particle
retains
physical
chemicalproperties
chemical
of that substance
and
properties
and is generally made up of two or
more atoms.

Ion
An atom or a molecule which has lost
or gain one or more electrons
resulting in either a net positive or
negative charge.

Substance and Mixture

Element
A pure chemical substance that is
made up of only one type of atom. It
cannot be broken down further into
simpler type of matter by either
chemical or physical methods.

Compound
- substances that is made up of two or
more types of elements bound to
one another and can only be separated
into simpler particles by chemical
means
- chemical and physical properties may
differ from its component elements
- component elements is always in the
same ratio

Mixtures
- composed of two or more elements
and/or molecules that are
intermingled hence it is possible to
separate them into their different
components by physical means
- retains many of the properties of its
different component

Heterogeneous Mixture
Mixtures made up of two or more
phases
Homogeneous Mixture
Mixtures are in the same single phase
only

Physical & Chemical Properties of

Matter

Physical properties
Solids
Volume and shape is fixed
Particles are densely packed together
and is held by strong attractive forces
Tends to vibrate instead
High density
Expansion and compression is very
minute

 Crystalline

solid

Very orderly and in 3D arrangement of

particles
Pattern is repeating
Diamond, ice

Amorphous

solid

Arrangement and pattern is random

Glass, wax

Liquid
Definite volume but no definite shape.
Takes the shape of container
Force of attraction is slight weaker
than that in solids
Ability to flow when poured and
spread when spilled
High density
Difficult to expand and compress

Gas
No definite volume and shape
Forces of attraction is weakest
Large amount of empty space
between particles
Not capable of flowing
Low density so easy to compress and
expand

Properties

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Shape

Fixed

Takes the
shape of the
container

Takes the
shape of the
container

Volume

Definite

definite

Fills entire
container

Ability to flow

No

Yes

Yes

Compressible

Very slightly

Very slightly

Yes

Small

Large

Volume change Very small

during heating

Chemical properties
Chemical

properties is determined by
subjecting a substance to a change in
composition
Examples:
Is it acidic or basic?
Is it corrosive or not?

Physical & Chemical Changes

Physical Change

Chemical Change

Definition

No new substances
produced
Remains the same
despite change in
physical state
May require energy
Release of energy may
occur

Final substance is different

from the initial substance
Energy released but would
require energy to jumpstart

Properties

Outside may look

different but inside is still
the same
Particles rearranged
Forces of attraction could
be weaker or stronger

New substance produced

Particles of new substance
is different from the old
substance

Examples

Sugar + water
Ice -> water
Solid wax -> liquid wax

Vinegar + baking soda =

CO2
2HCl + Mg -> H2 + MgCL2

Changes of states of matter

 Endothermic

when matter gain heat

Exothermic

when matter losses heat

Change

From

To

Heat

Examples

Sublimation

Solid

Gas/Vapour

Endothermi
c

Dry ice

Deposition

Gas/Vapour

Solid

Exothermic

Snow
Frost

Melting

Solid

Liquid

Endothermi
c

Ice melting

Freezing

Liquid

Solid

Exothermic

Ice freezing

Evaporation

Liquid

Gas/Vapour

Endothermi
c

Water
drying
under the
sun

Liquid

Exothermic

Water
droplets
breathing
on cold
mirror

Condensatio Gas/Vapour
n