Amino acid &

proteins chemistry
Almoeiz yousif
2014

Definitions
Amino acids are building blocks of protein.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by
peptide bond.

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:Importance of amino acids

- building blocks of proteins
-energy source
Precursors for non protein
specialized products
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Importance of protein:
1- enzymes
2- hormones
3- structural
4- transport
5- immunoglobulins
6- clotting factors
7- complements
8- buffers
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Proteins are formed of a set of 20 amino acids.

They are called standard amino acids.
There are more than 300 amino acid in nature, only
these 20 amino acids are found in protein from all
living sources (bacteria, animal and plant).

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D& L amino acids:

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF AMINO ACIDS

1. Side chain (R group) classification

2. Nutritional classification
3. Metabolic classification
4. Solubility classification

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1.Classifying According to Side

Chain

Classification by structure of R:
1. aliphatic amino acids
2. aromatic amino acids
3. acidic amino acids and derivatives
4. basic amino acids
5. sulphur- containing amino acids
6. hydroxyl-containing amino acids

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7. imino acid

Aliphatic amino acids

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Aromatic amino acids

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Acidic Amino Acids and Their Amides

Aspartic Acid

Glutamic Acid
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Asparagine

Glutamine
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Basic amino acids

R group = amine
Accepts H+
Positively charged

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Sulphur-containing Amino Acids

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Non-Aromatic Amino Acids with

Hydroxyl R-Groups

Serine

Threonine

Aromatic Amino Acids with Hydroxyl R-Groups

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Tyrosine

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Imino acid

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2.Dietary Classification of Amino Acids

Some amino acids can be formed from metabolic

intermediates in the mammalian cells, thus are not

necessary taken in food (Dietary non-essential) .
Other amino acids must be obtained from diet, thus

they are termed (Dietary essential)

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Essential Amino Acids

10 amino acids not
synthesized by the body
Must be obtained from the diet
Phe, val, thr, trp, ile, met, his, arg, leu, lys.
(adults are capable of synthesizing arginine and
histidine, but these amino acids are believed to
be essential to growing children.)
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Essential Amino Acids

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Nonessential

Essential

Alanine

Phenylalanine

Asparagine

Valine

Aspartate

Threonine

Cysteine

Tryptophan

Glutamate

Isoleucine

Glutamine

Methionine

Glycine

Histidine*

Proline

Arginine*

Serine

Leucine

Tyrosine

Lysine
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3.Metabolic Classification of Amino Acids

Amino acids can also be classified according to the end
product of their carbon skeleton catabolism into:
1. (Glucogenic Glucose producing)

2.

(Ketogenic Ketones producing)

3. both glucogenic and ketogenic

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4.Solubility in water
Hydrophilic amino acids ( polar ): dissolve in water
Hydrophobic amino acids ( nonpolar ): do not
dissolve in water

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The Peptide Bond

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The peptide bond

each amino acid links
to the next with a
peptide bond.
A peptide bond
results from the
linkage of the
carboxyl group of
one amino acid to the
amine group of its
neighbor.
Water is eliminated to
form a peptide bond.

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Protein Structure
Primary : linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary: localized folding
Tertiary: overall 3-D structure
Quaternary: association of 2 or more protein subunits
into a protein

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Levels of structure in proteins

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Proteins

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Quiz
1. Which amino acid contains sulfur in its side
chain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

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Serine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Cysteine
Glycine

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2. What is the covalent bond that link amino acids

in protein?
A. Van der Waals interactions
B. Salt bridges
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Peptide bonds
E. Hydrophobic interactions

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3.The following amino acids are non-essential

EXCEPT:
A. Alanine.
B. Leucine.
C. Glutamic acid.
D. Aspartic acid.
E. Asparagine.

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4. Denaturation of a protein involves loss of its:

A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure and tertiary structure
C. Primary and tertiary structure
D. Primary and quaternary structure
E. Amino acids contents.

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5. Three dimensional refer to which protein

structural level
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Quaternary structure
E. Amino acids contents.

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6. Which of the following describes the side chain

of valine?
A. Contains a sulfhydryl group
B. Contains a branched chain hydrocarbon
C. Contains an aromatic ring
D. Doesn't have a side chain
E. Contains methyl group for a side chain

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7. All of the following forces may play a role in the

formation of quaternary structure EXCEPT
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Electrostatic interactions
C. Hydrophobic interactions
D. Disulfide bonds
E. Peptides bonds.

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 8. in point explain effect of physical extreme on

proteins structure.
9. protein play a role of buffer in human body
,discus .
What is meaning of essential amino acid ,give an
example .
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