Introduction

“A research design is the arrangement of

conditions for collection and analysis of
data in a manner that aims to combine
relevant to the research purpose with
economy in procedure.”Infact, the
research design is the conceptual
structure within which research is
conducted; it constitutes a blueprint for
the collection, measurement and analysis
of data.”
 Concepts relating to
research design
1)Dependent and independent variables
2)Extraneous variable
3)Control
4)Research hypothesis
5)Experimental and non-experimental
hypothesis-testing research
6)Experimental and control groups
7)Treatments
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN
 Scientific method-
Effective research uses the principles of scientific method,
careful observation, formulation of hypothesis, prediction
and testing.

 Research creativity-
At its best research develops innovative ways to solve a
problem, so every research must contain the elements of
creativity.

 Multiple methods:
Competent researchers shy away from over reliance on
any one method, preferring to adapt many methods to the
problem rather than the other way around. They also
recognize the desirability of gathering information from
multiple sources to give greater confidence.
 Types of research design
Types of research design
Experimental design refers to the
framework or structure of an
experiment.
There are basically three types of
Informal experimental designs i.e.;
1) Before-and-after without control design
2) After-only with control design
3) Before-and-after with control design
1)Before-and-after without
control design
In this design, a single test group or area is
selected and the dependent variable is measured
before the introduction of the treatment. The
treatment is then introduced and the dependent
variable is measured again after the treatment
has been introduced. The effect of treatment will
be equal to the level of the phenomenon after the
treatment minus the level of the phenomenon
before the treatment. The design can be
represented as after treatment
 Before and After without
control design
For example:
Test area: selling of cold drink →selling of
cold
without advstt(X) Drink
with
advstt

(Y)
Treatment effect: (Y)-(X)
 2)After –only with control
design:
In this design two groups or areas are
selected and the treatment is
introduced into the test area only
.The dependent variable is then
measured in both areas and the
same time .Treatment impact is
assessed by subtracting the value of
the dependent variable in the control
area from its value in the test area .
 After – only
with control design
For example:
Test area: treatment introduced sales of tooth paste
(free tooth brush with tooth brush
with (Y)
tooth paste)

Control area: --------------------------- sales of tooth paste

without tooth
brush(X)

Treatment effect: (Y)-(X)

 3)Before and after with
control design
In this design two areas are selected and the
dependent variable is measured in both the
areas for an identical time period before the
treatment .The treatment is then introduced into
the test area only and the dependent variable is
measured in both for an identical time period
after the introduction of the treatment. The
treatment effect is determined by subtracting
the change in the dependent variable in the
control area from the change in the dependent
variable in test area .
 Before-and-after with control
design
For e.g.:
Time period (I) Time period(II)
Test area: teacher is treatment introduced effect of teaching on
teaching to (teaching via ppt) students with ppt
students → (Y)
(X)
Control: students studying effect of self study
Area on their own (B)
(A)

Treatment effect : (Y-X)-(B-A)

 Importance of research
design:
 It is a conceptual structure within which research or
investigation is conducted.
 Its function is to make research as efficient as
possible in terms of expenditure, effort, time &
money.
 It tells us what observation to make, how to make
and how to analyze the quantitative representation
of the observations.
 It suggests the direction of observation, how many
observations to be made, which variables rare
active & what type of statistical tools to use.
 Also helps in drawing possible conclusions from the
stastical analysis.
 Conclusion
Research design is the basis of the whole
study. If it is not properly formulated whole
study will almost collapse and the very
purpose of conducting the study will be
defeated.Ofcourse, preparing a research
design is not an easy task but it is always
worth the labour that is spent on its
preparation, because without that the
purpose of conducting the study will be
defeated.
 REFFRENCES
 Research methodology - C.R. Kothari
 Research methodology in social
sciences-P.C Tripathi
 Theory and practice in social
research-Hans Raj
THANK YOU