System Analysis

and Design
INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

SYSTEM
OWNERS

SYSTEM
USERS
SYSTEM
DESIGNER
S
SYSTEM
BUILDERS

THE

PRODUC
T

INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Transaction Process
System
Management Information
System
Decision Support System
Executive Information
System
Expert Systems
Communications and
Collaboration System
Office Automation System
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS

SYSTEM
INITIATION

SYSTEM
ANALYSIS

SYSTEM
DESIGN
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATIO
N

PROJECT PROCESS MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM ANALYTS AND PROJECT

MANAGERS

BUSINESS DRIVERS

Framework for System Analysis

and Design
system
group of interrelated components that function together to achieve a
desired result
information system
arrangement of people, processes and information technology that
interact to collect, process, store and provide as output the
information needed to support an organization
information technology
combination of computer technology with telecommunications

Types of Information System

transaction processing system (TPS)
captures and processes data about business transactions
management information system (MIS)
provides for management oriented reporting based on
transaction processing and operations of the organization
decision support system (DSS)
helps to identify decision making opportunities
provides information to help make decisions

Types of Information System

expert system
captures the expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the
benefit of non-experts

communications and collaboration system

enables more effective communications between workers, partners,
customers and suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate

office automation system

supports the wide range of business office activities that provide for
improved work flow between workers

Stakeholders:
Players of the System Game
Stakeholders
Any person who has interest in an existing or proposed information system
Can be technical or nontechnical workers
May also include both internal and external workers.

Information workers
Jobs involve the creation, collection, processing, distribution and use of information.

Knowledge workers
Subset of information workers
Responsibilities are based on a specific body of knowledge

SYSTEM
OWNERS

SYSTEM
USERS
SYSTEM
DESIGNER
S
SYSTEM
BUILDERS

THE

PRODUC
T

INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Transaction Process
System
Management Information
System
Decision Support System
Executive Information
System
Expert Systems
Communications and
Collaboration System
Office Automation System
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS

SYSTEM
INITIATION

SYSTEM
ANALYSIS

SYSTEM
DESIGN
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATIO
N

PROJECT PROCESS MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM ANALYTS AND PROJECT

MANAGERS

BUSINESS DRIVERS

Stakeholders
System Owners
Responsible for funding thr project to be build and operated
Set the vision and priorities of the system
System's sponsor and executive advocate
View an information system in terms of costs and benefits

System Users
Define the business requirements and expectations
A "customer" who will use or is affected by an information system on a regular basis
View an information system in terms of functionality provided
Types
Internal system users
External system users

Types of System Users

Internal System Users
Clerical and service workers
Technical and professional staff
Supervisor, middle managers, and executive managers

External System Users

Customers
Suppliers
Employees
Remote users users who are not physically located on the premises
Mobile users users whose location is constantly changing

Stakeholders
System Designers
Translate the business requirements into a feasible technical solution
Designs the computer database, inputs, outputs, screen, networks and
software that will meet the system user's requirements
View an information system in terms of a design blueprint to guide
construction
System Builders
Construct, deploy and maintain the information system
Technical specialist who constructs information system and components
based on design specification by the system designer
View an information system in terms of actual working hardware and software
to implement the system

Other Stakeholders
External Service Provider (ESP)
Sells his or her expertise and experience to other businesses
to help purchase, develop or integrate their information
systems solutions
be affiliated with a consulting or services organization
Project Manager
accepts responsibility for planning, monitoring and controlling
projects with respect to schedule, budget, deliverables,
customer satisfaction, technical standards and system quality

What drives today's Information

System business wise?
Globalization of the Economy
Electronic Commerce and Business
Security and Privacy
Collaboration and Partnership
Knowledge Asset Management
Continuous Improvement and Total Quality Management
Business Process Redesign

SYSTEM
OWNERS

SYSTEM
USERS
SYSTEM
DESIGNER
S
SYSTEM
BUILDERS

THE

PRODUC
T

INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Transaction Process
System
Management Information
System
Decision Support System
Executive Information
System
Expert Systems
Communications and
Collaboration System
Office Automation System
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS

SYSTEM
INITIATION

SYSTEM
ANALYSIS

SYSTEM
DESIGN
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATIO
N

PROJECT PROCESS MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM ANALYTS AND PROJECT

MANAGERS

BUSINESS DRIVERS

Globalization of the Economy

Brings:
New and expanded international markets
New international competitors

Impact on Information System

Require support of multiple languages, currency, exchange rates,
business cultures
Require consolidation of international data
Demand for players
who can communicate orally and in writing
with management
speak different languages

Electronic Commerce and

Business
E-Commerce
the buying and selling of goods and services by using the internet

E-Business
the use of internet to conduct and support day-to-day business activities

Types
Marketing of corporate image, products and services
Business-to-consumer (B2C)
Business-to-businees (B2B)

Impact on Information System

new information systesm are being designed for an internet (or intranet)
architecture

Electronic Commerce Storefront

Electronic Business

Security and Privacy

Security
How will the business continue in the event of a security breach, terrorist
attack or disaster?
How can the business protect its digital assests from outside breach?

Privacy
Consumer demands for privacy in e-commerce transactions
Government requirements

Impact on Information Systems

Need to incorporate stringent security and privacy controls

Collaboration and Partnership

Organizations seek to break down the walls that separate
organizational departments and functions
Organizations collaborate with outside business partners and
even competitors
Impact on Information Systems
need to provide secure, external access
need to pass data between different information systems

Knowledge Asset Management

Data
raw facts about people, places, events and things that are of importance in
an organization

Information
data that has been processed into a more meaningful form for someone

Knowledge
data and information that is further refined based on the facts, truths,
beliefs, judgments, expericen and expertise of the recepient

Knowledge Asset Management

Recognize that data, information and knowledge are ciritical
business resources
"How can an organization manage and share knowledge for
competitive advantage?"
Strives to integrate the data and information that can create and
preserve knowledge

Continuous Improvement and

Total Quality Management
Business process
tasks that respond to bsuiness events
the work procedures and rules required to complete the business tasks
independent of any information technology used to autotmate or support them

Continuous Process Improvement

monitoring of business process to effect small but measurable improvements in
cost reduction and value added

Total Quality Management

comprehensive approach to facilitating quality improvements and management
within a business

Business Process Redesign

study, analysis and redesign of fundamental business
process to reduce costs and/or improve value added to
the business
more substantial changes and improvements than CPI
usually complemented by CPI

What drives today's Information

System technology wise?
Networks and the Internet
Mobile and Wireless Technologies
Object Technologies
Collaborative Technologies
Enterprise Applications

SYSTEM
OWNERS

SYSTEM
USERS
SYSTEM
DESIGNER
S
SYSTEM
BUILDERS

THE

PRODUC
T

INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Transaction Process
System
Management Information
System
Decision Support System
Executive Information
System
Expert Systems
Communications and
Collaboration System
Office Automation System
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS

SYSTEM
INITIATION

SYSTEM
ANALYSIS

SYSTEM
DESIGN
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATIO
N

PROJECT PROCESS MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM ANALYTS AND PROJECT

MANAGERS

BUSINESS DRIVERS

Networks and the Internet

Networks include mainframe time-sharing systems, network servers,
and a variety of desktop, laptop and handheld client computers
The most pervasive networking technologies are based on the
Internet
XHTML and XML, HTML 5
Scripting languages
Web-specific programming languages
Intranets
Extranets
Portals
Web Services

Networks and the Internet

Mobile and Wireless technology
handheld and touchscreen devices
smart phones
bluetooth
WIFI or Wireless networking
wearable technology

Impact on Information Systems

wireless connectivity must be assumed
limitations of mobile devices and screen sizes must be accomodated

Object Technologies
software technology that defines a system in terms of objects that
consolidate data and behavior
Object oriented analysis and design
collection of tools and techniques for systems development that will utilize object
technologies to construct a system and its software

Agile development
system development strategy in which developers are given the flexibility to select
tools and techniques to best approach the task at hand
Scrum development
iterative and incremental agile software development
during a project, customers customers can change their mind on what they want and need that cannot be
addressed in a traditional predictive or planned manner
focused on maximizing team's ability to deliver quickly and respond to emerging requirements

Collaborative Technologies
enhance interpersonal communications and teamwork
sample:
e-mail
instant messaging
group ware
work flow
wiki

Enterprise Applications
virtually all organizations require a core set of enterprise
applications
financial management, human resources, sales and etc
tracking for frequently purchased
frequently need to have custom elements added

Systems Integration
process of building a unified information system out of diverse component
of purchase software, custome built software, hardware and networking

Enterprise Applications
CUSTOMERS

Financial
Managem
ent

Customer
Relationshi
p
Manageme
nt

Human
Resource
Managem
ent

SUPPLIERS

Supply
Chain
Managem
ent
Marketing
and Sales

Operation
s
Managem
ent

ENTERPRISE RESOURCE
PLANNING

DISTRIBUTORS

Enterprise Applications
Enterprise Resource Planning
Software application that fully integrates information systems that span
most or all of the basic, core business function
An ERP solution is built around a common database shared by common
business functions

Supply Chain Management

application that optimizes business process for raw material procurement
to finish product distribution
directly integrarting logistical information systems of organizations with
those of the suppliers and distributors

Enterprise Applications
Enterprise Application Integration
process and technologies used to link application to support the flow of
data and information between applications

Middleware
software used to translate and route data between different applications

Enterprise Applications
CUSTOMERS

ENTERPRISE
RESOURCE PLANNING
APPLICATIONS

Customer
Relationshi
p
Manageme
nt

ENTERPRISE
APPLICATION
INTEGRATION

Other
Custom
Built
Applicatio
ns

Other
Purchased
Applicatio
ns

SUPPLIERS

Supply
Chain
Managem
ent

DISTRIBUTORS

System Development Process

Set of activities, methods, best practicies, deliverables and automated
tools that stakeholders use to develop and maintain information systems
and software.
General problem-solving approach
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Identify the problem

Analyze and understand the problem
Indentify solution requirements and expectations
Indentify alternative solutions and choose "best" course of action
Design the chosen solution
Implement the chosen solution
Evaluate the results. If problem is not solved, return to step 1 or 2 as appropriate.

SYSTEM
OWNERS

SYSTEM
USERS
SYSTEM
DESIGNER
S
SYSTEM
BUILDERS

THE

PRODUC
T

INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Transaction Process
System
Management Information
System
Decision Support System
Executive Information
System
Expert Systems
Communications and
Collaboration System
Office Automation System
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS

SYSTEM
INITIATION

SYSTEM
ANALYSIS

SYSTEM
DESIGN
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATIO
N

PROJECT PROCESS MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM ANALYTS AND PROJECT

MANAGERS

BUSINESS DRIVERS

System Development Process

SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVING

STEPS

System Initiation

Identify the problem

System Analysis

Analyze and understand the problem

Identify the solution requirements
and expectations

System Design

Identify alternative solutions and

choose "best" course of action
Design the chosen solutions

System Implementation

Implement the chosen solution

Evaluate the results. If the problem is
not solved, return to step 1 and 2 as
appropriate

System Development Process

System Initiation
initial planning for a project to define initial business scope, goals, schedule
and budget
deliverables: produce a business problem statement project plan

System Analysis
study of business problem domain to recomment improvements
specify business requirements identified in a system analysis
deliverables: produce a statement of of the system users' business
requirements, expectations and priorities

System Analysts
A specialist who studies the problems and needs of an organization to determine how
people, data, process and information technology can best accomplish improvements
for the business
Types
Programmer/analyst includes responsibilities both the computer program and
system analyst
Business analyst - focuses only on the non-technical aspects of systems analysis
and design
Problems needs solving define as:
Problems real or anticipate, that require corrective action.
Opportunities to improve situation despite absence of complaints
Directive to change a situation regardless of whether anyone has complained
about the current situation

System Analyst Skills

Working knowledge of information technology
Computer programming experience and expertise
General business knowledge
General problem solving skills
Good interpersonal communication skills
Flexibility and adaptability
Character and ethics

System Development Process

System Design
specification or construction of a technical, computer-based solution for the
business requirements
deliverables: produces a technical blueprint and specifications for a
solution

System Implementation
construction, installation, testing and delivery of a system into production
deliverables: produces the technical hardware and software solution for the
business problem

Project and Process

Management
Project Management
activity of defining, planning, directing, monitoring and controlling a project
to develop an acceptable system within an alloted time and budget.

Process Management
ongoing activity that defines, improves and coordinates the use of an
organization's chosen methodology and standards fro all system
development projects.