SMART GRID

BY
Er.A.GNANASEHARAN,
AEE/C&I-II/KGTPS.

Modes of Power Generation

Power Sector

Source of Power

Input Energy

Hydro Power
Hydro
Power
(~22%)
(~22%)

Thermal Power
(~65%)

Coal, Oil & Gas

Water

Coal,oil,Gas

Renewable
energy
Renewable
sources
(
~10%)
energy sources

(~3%)

( ~10%)

Radioactive elements
Radioactive
elements
(Uranium,
Thorium
etc.)
(Uranium, Thorium)

Solar
panels,
Wind
Solar
panels,
mills
etc.
Wind mills etc.

Central Transmission
Utilities and State
Transmission utilities

Transmission
Utilities

Distribution
Agencies

Users

Nuclear
power
Nuclear
(~3%)
power

Distribution Channels

Industries
Industries
(38%)
(38%)

Domestic
Domestic
(22%)
(22%)

Agriculture
Agriculture
(22%)
(22%)

Commercial
Commercial
(8%)
(8%)

Others
Others (
(10%)
10%)

Indian Power Sector

Power Installed Capacity = 253.390 GW
As of 31st August 2014

Therma
l
176,118
.6 MW

Hydro
40,798.
8 MW

Nuclea
r
4,780
MW

Renewa
ble
32,307.7
1
MW

Total
254,005.
1 MW

Indian energy scenario

Indias energy usage has been rapidly increasing as a result of economic growth in
the last decade and the large population;
Per capita consumption of electricity in India (2.02kWh) is very low compared to
Canada (51.5kWh), USA (39.25kWh) and other developed countries.
India is one of the major coal importing nations in the world
More than 25% of primary energy needs being met by imports mainly in the form of
crude oil and gas
India is endowed with vast renewable energy resources including wind, solar,
biomass and small hydro.
India needs to develop the available renewable energy to meet its growing power
needs and ensure energy security

Renewable Power Capacity

Power Installed Capacity = 32.308 GW
As of 31st August, 2014

Wind
21,692.9
8 MW

Small
Hydro
3,826.18
MW

Solar
2,743
MW

Biomass
4,045.55
MW

Total
32,307.71
MW

Renewable Power Projects Potential

Resource

Potential (MW)

Cumulative
achievement

Wind

49,500(50m hub height)

102,800(80m hub height)

21,692.98

Small Hydro(up to 25MW)

19,700

3,826.18

Biomass including bagasse

cogeneration

22,500

4,045.55

Solar

50MWp/km2

2,743MW 4

Electric power consumption (kWh per

capita) in World
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) in
World was last measured at 3044.45 in 2011,
according to the World Bank.

How does Electricity reaches our

home?

GRID
A system of synchronized power
providers and consumers
connected by transmission and
distribution lines and operated by
one or more control centers.

Grid Facts
Centrally planned and controlled
infrastructure.
Aged About 120 years
Largely before the age of
microprocessors.

Grid Facts
Peak demand exceeded transmission
growth by almost 20% every year.
Spending on R & D, toward innovation
and renewal is among the lowest of all
industries.

Challenges, We are facing

EFFICIENCY
If the grid were just 5% more
efficient, the energy savings would
equate to permanently eliminating
the fuel and green house gas
emissions from millions of cars.

RELIABILITY
Many massive blackouts over the past 40
years.
Due to the slow response times of
mechanical switches, a lack of automated
analytics.

QUALITY
Could not conveniently
accommodate non-conventional
energy resources without a price to
power Quality.
.

AFFORDABILITY
Cost of electricity has doubled of
more in real terms.

SECURITY
Centralized structure leaves us open
to attack.
A cascading series of failures that
could bring our nations banking,
communication, traffic, and security
systems etc., to complete standstill.

ENVIRONMENT/CLIMATE CHANGE
We still produce electricity by burning
coal, a rich domestic resource but a
major contributor to global warming.
To reduce our carbon footprint and
stake claim to global leadership, clean,
renewable sources of energy must be
integrated in to our grid.

In short, our grid is struggling to

keep up!

THEN . . . what is the

alternate ?

What is Smart Grid?

The Smart Grid is ultimately about
using megabytes of data to move
megawatts of electricity more
efficiently and affordably.

SMART GRID
It is an electric grid that uses information and
communication technology to gather data and
act on information about the behaviour of
suppliers and consumers in an automated
fashion. Hence Smart Grid is a generic label for
the application of computer, intelligence and
networking abilities to the existing dumb
electricity distribution systems.

COMPARISON

SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
SMART METER

PHASOR
MEASUREMENT
INFORMATION
TRANSFER
DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION

Smart Meters

Conventional EM
Meter

Smart Meter

SMART METERS
RECOGNIZES AND DETAILS ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION
RELAYS INFORMATION TO CENTRAL MONITORING STATIONS
WILL REPLACE TRADITIONAL METERS
POWER OUTAGE NOTIFICATION AND POWER QUALITY
MONITORING
TIME OF DAY CHARGES.

Phasor measurement units

High speed sensors distributed throughout their
network.
monitors power quality and in some cases respond
automatically to them.
Phasors of alternating current, are identical everywhere on the network and confirm to the most
desirable shape.
The clock pulses from GPS satellites could be used
for very precise time measurements in the grid.

GPS
GPS

24 satellites are orbiting the earth about 12,000

miles above us (full constellation achieved in 1994)
Time accuracy +/-0.2s over a wide area
Opens up new possibilities for a secure and
reliable operation of electric power system

Synchronized
Synchronized phasor
phasor measurements
measurements
GPS Time Receiver
Time, sync
50 Hz
component

DFT
Symmetrical
Component
DFT

Voltage,
Current

Power
System

Transformation

Frequency
& Rate-ofChange of
Frequency
Algorithm
Positive
Sequence
Phasors

DFT
Time synchronized sampling
of three phase waveform.
12 samples/cycle (720/sec).
Discrete Fourier Transform uses
12 samples for each phasor
conversion.

Frequency,
dFreq/dt

Real Time
Data Output
Disturbance and
transient detectors,
data table storage

Trigger
flags

Phasor
Phasor measurement
measurement system
system

Enables operators to start effective countermeasures in time

PMU Placement
All 400kV and above substation in
State and Central grids & IPPs
Generating stations at 220 kV level
and above
HVDC terminals and important InterRegional and Inter-National tie lines
Both ends of all 400kV and above
Transmission lines of State, ISTS grids and
IPPs

Integrated Communications and

Security
High-speed, fully integrated, twoway communication technologies
that make the smart grid a
dynamic, interactive megainfrastructure for real-time
information and power exchange.
Cyber Security: the new
communication mechanism should
consider security, reliability, QoS.
39

Salient Features of Pilot Micro Grid

Development of Pilot Micro Grid system to cater to

requirements of 30-35 households (100 kW)

through multiple Distributed Energy Resources
(DER) viz.

Solar PV
Wind Generation
Biomass plant
Energy Storage Devices (Battery)

Design & Development of Micro Grid Central

controller (MGCC) to regulate generation and load

(Source/Load control)

Demonstration

of

indigenous

capability

in

Advanced Components
Innovations in superconductivity,
Storage, power electronics, and
diagnostics components are changing
fundamental abilities and
characteristics of grids.
Technologies include: HVDC, first and
second generation superconducting
wires etc.,

Advanced Control
Distributed Intelligent Agents (control
systems)
Analytical Tools (software algorithms
and high-speed computers)
Operational Applications (SCADA,
substation automation, demand
response, etc).

Improved Interfaces
Visualization techniques that reduce large
quantities of data into easily understood visual
formats.
Software systems that provide multiple options
when systems operator actions are required.
Simulators for operational training and what-if
analysis, determine the optimal control solution.

MICROGRID LAYOUT
MGC
C

GRID

LV

Solar PV
Gen

A
C

WIND Gen

FEEDER 1
BIOMASS
PLANT

BATTERY
UNITS

AMI

AMI

LOAD

LOAD

FEEDER 2

Charge Controller
AMI

MGCC: Micro Grid Central Controller

AMI: Advanced Metering Infrastructure

LOAD

AMI
LOAD

REAL LIFE SMART

HOME

Energy Efficiency

India Worlds Fourth Largest Consumer

of electricity after USA, China & Russia

Indias energy intensity ( Energy input

per unit of GDP) 0.62 kgoe / US $ in
2012 ( world 0.31 in 2009)

Reduction in 1 MW consumption leads

to saving 9 to 10 Crore by the utility

Energy Consumption in household and

commercial building is approx. 35 %

Energy efficiency in the household

consumption & commercial building can
bring revolutionary change in sector

As an estimate efficient use of household

appliances reduces Peak Demand by 1.2
to 2.5 kW / Household

Energy Efficiency and conservation measures Reduce Energy Consumption and

Facilitate Sustainable development.

Energy Efficient Home

Investment per
house hold 35000/Payback Period ~ 3
years

For an Urban Area of 1 Crore

Household:
Peak Demand Reduces by at least ~
12000 MW
Energy Consumption Reduces by ~
30 BU / annum
26 million tonnes of CO2 reduction

Average Power Saving Through

per annum
Energy Efficiency per House hold

Summar

Reduction
Peakin
Demand
Infrastructure
1217
Reduction ( watt)
Reduction
Investment
by in 1
Monthly
Consumption
(kWh)

Winter
2485

Lakh Cr by Utility.
266

199

Value of Saving per House hold

Average Tariff
Monthly Saving
Annual Saving
( Winter 4 months &
Summer 8 Months)
Annual Air pollution
reduction( tonnes of
CO2)

4.00 / Unit
1,063

796

11,688

2.60

Smart Grid Vision for India

Transform the Indian power sector into
a secure, adaptive, sustainable and
digitally enabled ecosystem that
provides reliable and quality energy
for all with active participation of
stakeholders.

Objectives: In order to achieve this vision,

stakeholders will undertake(across all sectors):

1.Appropriate policies and programs to provide access for

electricity for all
Electrification of 100% households by 2017
24x7 quality supply on demand to all citizens by 2027
2.Integrated technology trials through a set of smart grid
pilot projects by 2015
Based on outcome of the pilots, full rollout of smart grids
in pilot project areas by 2017; in major urban areas by
2022 and nationwide by 2027
3.Completion of existing complementary or building block
projects such as (R-APDRP)Restructured Accelerated Power
Development and Reforms Programme
Planning for integration of such systems into future smart
grid deployments

4.Availability of an indigenous low cost smart meter

by 2014
AMI roll out for all customers in a phased manner
based on size of connection (and geography and
utility business case)
Starting with consumers with load >20 KW by
2017,
3-phase connections by 2022 and all
consumers by 2027
5.Working with other stakeholders, building of
National Optical Fibre Network by connecting all the
2,50,000 Gram Panchayats in the country by Optical
Fibre Cable and including the telecom link at the
nearest 33/11 kV substation to support smart grid in
distribution by 2017

6.Enabling programs and projects in distribution utilities

to reduce AT&C losses
Below 15% by 2017, below 12% by 2022, and below
10% by 2027
7.Conversion of existing EHV sub stations in all urban
areas and sub transmission and medium voltage
substations in metro cities to advanced (such as) Gas
Insulated Substations (GIS) in a phased manner
through innovative financing models
8.Development of Microgrids, storage options, virtual
power plants (VPP), vehicle to grid (V2G), solar to grid
(PV2G), and building to grid (B2G) technologies in order
to manage peak demand, optimally use installed
capacity and eliminate load shedding and black-outs
9.Push for mandated roof top solar power generation

10.EV charging facilities should be created in all

parking lots, institutional buildings, apartment blocks
etc; and quick/fast charging facilities to be built in fuel
stations and at strategic locations on highways
11.Microgrids in 1000 villages/industrial
parks/commercial hubs by 2017 and 10000
villages/industrial parks/commercial hubs by 2022
-Can island from main grids during peak hours
12.Optimally balancing different sources of generation
through efficient scheduling and dispatch of
distributed energy resources (including captive plants
in the near term) with the goal of long term energy
sustainability
13.Improvement in power quality and quantum across

Smart Grid in Service

Enel S.P.A, in Italy by Telegestore
The city of Austin, Texas, US
Colorado Hydro One, in Ontario, Canada by Boulder
DMS Platform by the University of Hawaii
Perfect Power by Illinois Institute of Technology
West Virginia Super Circuit by Allegheny Energy
Beach Cities MicroGrid by San Diego Gas & Electric

ANY QUERIES ??