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LEVELS OF POWER:
The power to be (being)- The maintenance of a
purely vegetative existence requires minimum force
(exist).
The power of self-affirmation- Efforts to define
self and establish significance require greater force
than that required for existence
The power of self-assertion- Compelling others
to reckon with ones individuality and rights
requires greater force than that needed for self
affirmation.
POWER PRINCIPLES
Power is dynamic and elusive and must be
continuously replenished.
Power can be obtained only through active means;
that is, it must be expressed against resistance and
wrested from opponents.
A power oriented manager uses any means of control
that will manipulate circumstances in her/his favour.
To win in the game of organizational politics requires
a persons total commitment to goals.
Sources of Power
Formal source of power
Informal source of power
Legitimate
Reward
Coercive
Expert
Referent power
TYPES OF POWER
According to French and Raven (1959), the
following are the types of power.
Reward power
Punishment or coercive power:
Legitimate power:
Expert power:
Referent power:
Informational power
Contingencies of Power
Substitutability
Centrality
Discretion
Visibility
POLITICS
Definitions
The use of power to influence decision making.
It is power and influence based on coalitcs
buiding.
-Pettigrew (1973)
Organizational power is linked to dysfunction in
organization
Allen et al (1975)
POLITICAL ANALYSES
Effective use of power and politics to facilitate
strategy development for the policy process
requires systematic analysis of the issues.
POLITICAL STRATEGIES
Persistence
Look at big picture
Frame issue adequately
Develop and use networks
Assess time
Collaborate
Prepare to take risks
Understand the opposition
Controlling Information
Controlling Lines of Communication
Controlling the Agenda
Attacking and Blaming
Quick Action
Manage Change Effectively
Remove Political Norms
Hire Low Political staff
Have Peer Pressure against Politics
THANK YOU