is the ability to communicate with others

thoughts and feelings are symbolized so as to convey meaning in

different forms of communication such as the written, spoken,
sign, facial, gestures, pantomime, and art.
is one form of language in which articulate sounds
or words are used to convey meanings. But not all sounds of
human beings are speech. Vocalization, like cries or explosive
sounds, does not become speech until meaning is associated with
the sounds made.

Purposes of speech
IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE AND SPEECH
a. It
b. It
c. It

is a means of communicating thoughts, feelings, and emotions.

is used to secure information.
is used to express the results of the individuals reasoning.
d. It Is used to express ones feelings and emotions.
e. It is used to bring action to others.
f. It is used to satisfy the human need for sociability.
g. It is used to help the individual develop and maintain a feeling of
importance of self.
h. It is used to serve as a bond that holds people together.

Criteria of Speech
Two criteria should be applied to determine whether the child has emerged
from the use of pre speech forms of communication:
The

child must pronounce his words so that they are readily understandable
to others rather than comprehensible only to those who, because of
constant contact with him, have learned to understand him.
The

child must know the meaning of the words he uses and must associate
them with the objects they represent.

PRELIMINARIES OF SPEECH
PRE-SPEECH FORM

1. Crying:

a. Causes of crying among babies:

Hunger
2. Noise
3. Light
4. Pain
5. Uncomfortable positions
6. Strong disturbances during sleep
7. Fatigue
8. Inability to move due to restrictive clothes
9. Removal of plaything
10.Fear
1.

b. Motor accompaniment of crying:

1. vigorous limb activity
2. strong flexor tendencies
3.disorganizing of postures
prevailing at
the
onset of crying
c. Reactions to crying:
Crying was most often responded to by ignoring,
reasoning, spanking, or by removing the child from the
social group.
Gesell has stressed, punctual attention to crying in the
early weeks reduces the amount of crying

d. Effects of crying:
1) Excessive crying results in variability in gastro-intestinal
functions, regurgitation, night waking, and general nervous tension.
2) It affects the babys total growth pattern; it is harmful to
healthful social adjustment; it leads to feeling of insecurity;
and it affects the babys relationships with his parents unfavorably.

2. Explosive sounds and babbling

a.
b.
c.
d.

e.

In the newborn infant, 50% of all sounds uttered are the aspirate h,
associated with the infants gasping for breath.
At first vowels are combined with consonants, as da - ma - na and
later, with practice, these sounds are strung together as ma - ma ma.
Babbling is a form of vocal gymnastics, voluntarily produced,
but with no real meaning or association for the baby.
The age of babbling is between the third and twelfth months. How
soon the baby will begin to babble and he will abandon babbling in
favor of more mature communication in the form of speech will
depend largely upon the development of his vocal mechanisms for
speaking instead of babbling. .
Babbling is not a real speech but it serves as a pleasure on the part
of the child. It serves as an opportunity to learn to control the
different muscles connected with the vocal mechanism. .

3. Gestures
a. The baby uses gestures as a substitute for speech, to enable him to
express wants, feelings and emotions for which he has no other means
of expression. Adult uses gestures as a supplement to speech, to
emphasize the meaning of words and to make them forceful and
effective.
b. Children of lower socio-economic groups often use gestures than
words. In the upper classes, children use more words than gestures.

Learning to Speak
A. 1. Speech is a skill and must be learned. It develops more slowly
than the motor skills. There is no single speech organ ready for use
at birth or even shortly afterward.
2. Speech is produced by the coordinated activity of the lip, tongue
and throat muscles as well as by the larynx and tongue.
3. Babies, at birth, cannot speak because:
a. The oral cavity is small.
b. The palate is flat and lacks the arch.
c. The infants tongue is too large and even
protruding
much of the time.
d. The nasal passage is very small.
e. The absence of front teeth makes him unable
to
produce sounds of consonants.

4. Speech readiness is the period when speech is more easily

acquired by the young child than at other times. This period occurs
between the ages of 12 and 18 months. If the baby does not make
use of this period he will be emotionally disturbed.
5. Delayed speech is usually due to the lack of opportunity to learn or
from the lack of motivation to learn.
B. Imitation
1. In the presence of other people, babies imitate them by
talking back, but they do not imitate the sounds they are
making.
They are merely imitating sound-making in general. This is called the
echo-reaction stage of imitation.

2. Readiness to imitate occurs toward the end of

the first year of life. This time, the baby attempts to
imitate the specific sounds he hears. During the
fortieth week of life, the baby tries to imitate the
words of his mother.

Step Four:
Practice Correctly
Project your voice

Contrary to popular belief, projecting your voice does not mean

shouting. When you project, you simply raise the volume of your
natural speaking voice without losing control of it (that's when it
becomes "shouting"). Think of the difference between talking to
someone in a noisy restaurant, and calling your dog in from the
backyard.

You must always project while giving a speech, even if you are
presenting in a small room. Find the object furthest away from you and
deliver your speech to it. During the first minute of speaking, monitor
your audience members' faces (especially the ones in the back row) to
see if they look confused.

Step Four:
Practice Correctly
Include visual aids

Visual aids are not always necessary, but they are good
to include if they help you get your point across. The
key is to make sure that they ADD to your speech. After
all, it's just plain dumb if during a speech about saving
the trees, you whip out a picture of a tree. We all know
what trees look like. It is equally useless to present a
very complicated diagram that someone sitting in the
tenth row can barely see, let alone decipher. So keep
your visual aids very simple. Images and uncomplicated
graphs are best, but if you want to make a list of points
to go over, keep each line of the list brief, and the
number of lines just as short. We recommend five words
per line and five lines per visual aid.

Step Five: Know How to

Handle
Nervousness
It's just a speech. Your life does not depend on it (at least not in most

cases). But if the thought of going out there and completely freezing up
makes you freeze up just thinking about it, go through some of these
relaxing exercises just prior to your performance.

"I look better than I feel." Everyone feels like a wreck when they first
get up there, but most don't look like one. In fact, most people who
videotape themselves giving a rehearsal presentation are pleasantly
surprised to find out that their wildly beating heart actually doesn't show
up on the tape.

Stage Fright Is Good and Makes You

Better Looking Too!

Stage fright isn't the most accurate term for what

you are feeling. Most of the fear occurs before you
step on-stage. Once you're up there, it usually goes
away.
Nervousness doesn't show one-tenth as much as it
feels.
Nobody ever died from stage fright or speaking in
public.
It makes your reflexes sharper. It heightens your
energy, adds a sparkle to your eye, and color to
your cheeks. When you are nervous about speaking,
you are more conscious of your posture and
breathing.

http://www.public-speaking.org/public-speaking-stagefright-article.htm

Stage Fright Is Good and Makes You

Better Looking Too!

Symptoms of Stage fright

Dry mouth
Tight throat
Sweaty hands
Cold hands
Shaky hands
Nausea
Fast pulse
Shaky knees
Trembling lips

http://www.public-speaking.org/public-speaking-stagefright-article.htm

Stage Fright --Strategies

Be extremely well prepared

Organize your speaking notes

Absolutely memorize your opening statement so you can recite it

on autopilot if you have to

Practice, practice, practice. Especially practice bits so you can spit

out a few minutes of your program no matter how nervous you are

Anticipate hard and easy questions

Be in the room early.

Yawn to relax your throat.

Doodle.

Breathe deeply, evenly, and slowly for several minutes.

Don't drink caffeinated drinks.

Go somewhere private and warm up your voice, muscles, etc.

http://www.public-speaking.org/public-speaking-stagefright-article.htm

Stage Fright --Strategies contd.

Look at your notes.

Double check your A/V equipment including the public address

system, projectors, etc.

Put pictures of your dog, girlfriend, parents, etc., in your notes.

If your legs are trembling, lean on a table, sit down, or shift your
legs.

Listen to music/Read a poem/something that relaxes you

Take quick drinks of tepid water.

Do isometrics that tighten and release muscles.

Pretend you are just chatting with a group of friends

Close your eyes and imagine the audience listening, laughing, and
applauding

Remember happy moments from your past

http://www.public-speaking.org/public-speaking-stagefright-article.htm

Stage Fright--Strategies Contd.

Try not to hold the microphone by hand in the
first minute.
Don't hold notes. The audience can see them
shake. Use three-by-five cards instead.
Use eye contact. It will make you feel less
isolated.
Look at the friendliest faces in the audience.
Joke about your nervousness. What's the right
wine to go with fingernails?
Picture the audience in their underwear
http://www.public-speaking.org/public-speaking-stagefright-article.htm

Step Five: Know How to

Handle Nervousness

"The audience wants me to succeed!" An audience is

made up of people who are not unlike you. They are not
bloodthirsty animals and their shoes are too valuable to
toss at you. They came to hear you because you have
something important to say. Also, because they don't
want their time to be wasted, it's in their best interest
for you to succeed.

"A mistake will not matter much." Granted, people

won't forget a nasty belch in the middle of a serious
point, but completely ignore stumbles or slight pauses.
Just move on. Most people won't notice your mistakes
unless you draw attention to them by panicking.

"The single best way to have a successful

presentation is to prepare properlyand I have!"
(Right?)

Tips for a great speech

Speak

Up! Make sure to speak a little louder

than normal conversation when you are giving
your speech.
Slow Down! When you are giving your speech
to your listeners, remember to slow your speech
down a little bit and don't rush through the words.
Make sure to enunciate and don't slur your
words either.
Be Confident! You can do this! Believe in
yourself!