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KINDS OF PAVEMENT
1.Rigid-TypePavement
Concrete Pavement
Concrete Mix
Cement + aggregates + water
Design Mix
2.FlexibleTypeAsphaltPavement
Asphalt Pavement
Bituminous Mix
Asphalt + mineral aggregates
Job Mix
2.ASPHALTINTERMEDIATECOURSE(BINDERCOURSE)
- a course between a base course and an asphalt surface course.
3ASPHALTSURFACECOURSE(WEARINGCOURSE)
ASPHALTPAVEMENT
STRUCTURES
(FlexiblePavementStructure)
- hot mix asphalt pavement, the highest quality among the different types.
- consists of well graded aggregate and asphalt cement which are heated and
blended together in exact proportions at a hot mix plant.
WELL-GRADEDAGGREGATES- aggregate that is graded from the
maximum size down to filler with object of obtaining an asphalt mix with
controlled void content and high stability.
2.OPEN-GRADEDSURFACEANDBASECOURSES
- one containing little or no mineral filler or in which the void spaces in the
compacted aggregates are relatively large.
3.STONE-FILLEDMIXES
- a hot mix of asphalt cement with clean, angular, graded sand and mineral
filler.
- its use is ordinarily confined to surface course usually laid on an intermediate
or leveling course.
6.ASPHALTEMULSIONMIXES(COLDMIXES)
AGGREGATE FRACTIONS:
1.COARSEAGGREGATE(CA)
- passing 2.36 mm (N0. 8) sieve and retained on 0.75 mm (N0. 200) sieve.
- sources of fine aggregate are natural deposits of bank, beach or river
sand or size between coarse and fine aggregate is 2.36 mm ( N0.8).
3.MINERALFILLER(MF)
2.ASPHALTINTERMEDIATECOURSE(BINDERCOURSE)
- a course between a base course and an asphalt surface course.
3.ASPHALTSURFACECOURSE(WEARINGCOURSE)
2.MINERALAGGREGATE
- important ingredient
- normally ranges from 92 to 96 percent of
the weight of mixture.
IMPORTANTPROPERTIESOFAGGREGATES
1.
Strength
2.
Particle shape
3.
Surface texture
4.
Absorption
5.
Gradation
6.
Cleanliness
7.
Specific Gravity
8.
9.
Soundness
TWOTYPESOFBITUMINOUSMIX
1.ROADMIX(MIXED-IN-PLACE)-an asphalt course produced by mixing
- cold-laid
- used only for patching
2.2HotMix-Plant mixes which must be spread and compacted at an elevated
temperature.
-
hot-laid
both the aggregate and asphalt
cement are heated prior to mixing for giving origin to the term hot mix .
higher durability and stability than cold mix.
SIGNIFICANTPROPERTIESOFBITUMINOUSPAVINGMIXTURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Degree of Compaction
TESTSFORSTABILITY
1.
Hubbard- Field
2.
Marshall
3.
Hveem Stabilometer
4.
Unconfined Immersion-Compression
5.
Triaxial Compression
FACTORSAFFECTINGDURABILITY
1. Gradation of Aggregate
2. Consistency of the bituminous binder
3. Temperature of the mix
7.FATIGUERESISTANCE-ability to withstand
repeatedly flexing caused
by the passage of the
wheel loads.
FACTORSAFFECTINGFATIGUERESISTANCE
MINIMUMOFTESTINGREQUIREMENTS
CALCULATIONS:
JOBMIXFORMULA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
After the job-mix is established, all mixture furnished for the project shall
conform thereto within the following ranges of tolerances :
Passing No. 4 and larger sieve
7%
4%
2%
Bituminous Material
0.4 %
Temperature of Mix
10 0 C
ACCEPTING,SAMPLINGANDTESTINGOF
FINISHEDASPHALTPAVEMENT
ASPHALTCORE
TESTINGOFDRILLEDCORESFROMANASPHALTPAVEMENT
SIGNIFICANCEANDUSE
- Core tests determine the thickness and density of compacted asphalt pavement.
SAMPLING:
diamond or
2. Care shall be taken to avoid distortion, bending or cracking of specimen during and
after removal from the pavement.
3. Specimens shall be free from foreign materials such as seal coat,
foundation material, soil, paper or foil.
4. Specimens for thickness and density determination.
Sawedspecimen: at least 150 mm x 150 mm
Cored specimen :100mmdia.fulldepth
tack coat,
Recommend that :
1. The diameter of cylindrically molded or cored specimens, or the
length of the sides of, sawed specimens, be at least equal to four
times the maximum size of the aggregates.
2. That the thickness of the specimens be at least one and one-half
times the maximum size of the aggregates.
OBTAININGOFCORESPECIMENS
Case 1. At least one but no more than three (3) samples shall be
taken for each full days operation.
To ascertain the degree of compaction of the asphalt pavement,
more than one (1) core sample but not greater than three (3) maybe
taken for each days operation. When 2 or 3 cores are taken, each
core should represent a specific pavement area completed within a
day. Averaging of the thickness and density of the 2 or 3 cores
should not be done.
Case2.If no core was taken at the end of each days operation and
the project has already been completed, core shall be
taken for every 100 linear meters per lane or fraction
thereof of the completed pavement. Each core shall
represent 100 LM of the asphalt pavement. Averaging of
the thickness and density of the core should not be done.
TESTSONASPHALTCORE
1.DENSITY
CALCULATION:
CALCULATIONOFBULKSPECIFICGRAVITY(Gmb)
A
Gmb= - - - - - - - - B - C
Where:
CALCULATION:
Field Density
% COMPACTION=---------------------------------Lab. Compacted Density
2.THICKNESS
COMPUTATION:QUANTITYTOBEPAID
l w t d
W= ________________
10 6
Where:
W = weight of mixture, tonne
l = pavement length represented by the core, cm
w = pavement width represented by the core, cm
t = pavement thickness, cm
d = density of the core, gm/ cm 3
Note: The division 10 6 converts the unit of weight from
gram to tonne.
IllustrationCaseI:
Paving Length
represented, m
Thickness
M
Density
gm/cm3
Day 1
120
5.3
2.262
Day 2
140
5.1
2.311
Day 3
120
5.0
2.221
Convertsunitsoflengthandwidthtocm
12,000 (305) (5.3) 2.262
W1 = ------------------------------- = 43.88 tonnes
106
14,000 (305) (5.1) 2.311
W2 = ------------------------------- = 50.33 tonnes
106
12,000 (305)(5.0)2.221
W3 = ------------------------------- = 40.64 tonnes
106
WT=134.85tonnes
IllustrationCase2:
Thickness
cm
Density
gm/cm3
5.3
5.1
5.1
5.0
2.262
2.311
2.225
2.226
The computation for the quantity of bituminous mixture that should be paid is as
follows:
Convertsunitsoflengthandwidthtocm
10,000 (305) (5.3) 2.262
W1 = ------------------------------- = 36.56 tonnes
106
10,000 (305) (5.1) 2.311
W2 = ------------------------------- = 35.95 tonnes
106
10,000 (305)(5.1)2.225
W3 = ------------------------------- = 34.61 tonnes
106
8,000 (305)(5.0)2.225
W4 = ------------------------------- = 27.16 tonnes
106
WT=134.28tonnes
Daghang
Salamat