Unit 9 Organic Chemistry

What does Organic mean? Historically, Organic molecules came only from
Living Organisms.

Organic Chemistry is The Chemistry of

Carbon :
1. Hydrocarbons (C and H only) and 2. Molecules Derived from
Hydrocarbons.
What are Hydrocarbons? Molecules made of Only Hydrogen and Carbon.

What is Organic Chemistry?

What are Homologous Hydrocarbons? Homo-Logos = Same-Ratio

Carbon-Hydrogen Molecules with similar General Formulae

How do the Carbon-Carbon Bonds determine the Type of Hydrocarbon?

1. Alkanes have All Carbon-Carbon
Single Bonds. These Hydrocarbons
are Saturated.

2. Alkenes

have One Carbon=Carbon

Double Bond. These Hydrocarbons
are Unsaturated.

3. Alkynes have One Carbon/Carbon

Triple Bond. These are also
Unsaturated.

Naming (Nomenclature) of Hydrocarbons

What is the Process for Naming (Nomenclature) Hydrocarbons?
1. Begin the name with the Number of Carbon Atoms in
the longest, continuous Carbon Chain.
2. End the name with the Type of Hydrocarbon.

propyne
butane
2-pentene
1-pentene
pentane
3-methylhexane

2-hexene

What does the 2 indicate?

heptane

2-pentyne
2,2-dimethylpentane

2 is the Lowest number of a Carbon with Double Bond.

Isomers

What are Isomers?

Isomers are Molecules with the Same Molecular Formula,

but Different Structural Formulae. A Different Arrangement of the Same Atoms.

Draw Isomers of C3H8O.

1-propanol

How many Bonds does each atom form?

2-propanol

ethyl methyl ether

Carbon: 4 Bonds
Oxygen: 2 Bonds
Hydrogen: 1
Bond

Give the Correct Name of Each Molecule

Draw Isomers of C4H10O. How does the number of Carbon atoms in a

molecule relate to the number of possible Isomers? As the number of Carbons
Atoms Increases the number of Possible Isomers also Increases.

1-butanol

2-butanol

methyl propyl ether

diethyl ether

2-methyl-1-propanol

2-methyl-2-propanol

Functional Groups
What are Functional Groups?

Groups of Atoms that give Distinctive

Physical and Chemical Properties to
Organic Compounds. Ex. Polarity and
Partial Charge Affect IFAs (therefore m.p.
& b.p. & Solubility). Some Functional
Groups impart Acidic or Basic properties.

What is IUPAC?

The International Union

of Pure and Applied Chemistry
determines Rules for Nomenclature.

What is the Process for Naming Organic

Compounds with Functional Groups?

1. Determine Longest, Continuous Carbon

Chain. Number Cs in a direction to give
Groups the Lowest Numbers Possible.
2. Use Ref. Table R to Identify the Type of
Functional Group(s) present.
3. In Ref. Table R, check the Example and
determine: How did they name theirs?
4. List Functional Groups Alphabetically.
5. Use di-, tri-, tetra- for multiple, similar
Groups.

Organic Reactions
What Specific Types of Reactions can Organic Compounds Undergo?
1. Combustion: React with Oxygen (O2) and Produce CO2 + H2O + Energy
Write the Balanced Reaction for the Burning of Propane.
1 C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

Write the Balanced Reaction for the Complete Combustion of Ethanol.

1C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

2. Addition: A Halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) or Hydrogen (H2) reacts by Adding One

Atom to Each Carbon in a C=C Double Bond (Alkene) or C/C Triple Bond (Alkyne).

Write the Chemical Equation for the Addition of Bromine to Propene.

Show Structural Diagrams and Molecular Formulae.

Organic Reactions Continued

3. Substitution: A Halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) reacts by Substituting One Atom for

One Hydrogen Atom on an Alkane. Another Product is HF or HCl or HBr or HI.

Use Structural Diagrams to show the Substitution reaction between Chlorine and Butane.

4. Polymerization:

The repeated combination of many small units (monomers) to

form one larger molecule (polymer).

4a. Addition Polymerization:

Polyethylene is made from many
ethene units. Double Bond
becomes Single and New Bonds
form between the monomers.

What Types of Hydrocarbons can

undergo Addition Polymerization?
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
Alkenes and Alkynes (Not Alkanes).

More Organic Reactions

4b. Condensation (Dehydration) Polymerization: Identify and Remove Water

from between units. Use Broken Bonds to Form New Bonds between monomers.

Even More Organic Reactions

5. Esterification: A Dehydration Synthesis between an Alcohol and an Organic

Acid forms an Ester.

Draw the Structural Diagrams for the Esterification Reaction between 1-Propanol
and Acetic Acid. Name the Ester.
propyl ethanoate

6. Saponification:

The
Hydrolysis* Reaction between
Fat and Strong Base to
Produce Soap and Glycerol.
* Hydrolysis = Splitting by
Adding Water = Opposite of
Dehydration Synthesis

Na+

Saponification

What are the Properties of Soap?

1. Polar head
2. Nonpolar tail
Soap can mix with water
and oil.

Esterification

Organic Reactions
6. Saponification (Continued)

Glycerol

Soap Molecule

Polar:
Water Soluble

Nonpolar: Oil + Grease Soluble

7. Fermentation:

Yeast use enzymes to catalyze the conversion of Sugar into Ethanol and CO2.

Write a Chemical Equation for Fermentation.

C6H12O6
Sugar

Yeast/Zymase
Enzymes

2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide

Enzymes act as Catalysts. They are Not Consumed as a Reactant.

Oxidation of a Primary Alcohol

What are the products of the Oxidation of a Primary Alcohol?

Alcohol

Aldehyde

Organic Acid

How does the Oxidation Number of the Primary Carbon change in these reactions?
The Oxidation Number Increases = Oxidation. -1 +1 +3
Carbon Loses Electrons in Bonds with Oxygen.

Polypeptides and Proteins are Polymers

Made of Amino Acid Monomers

Protein Structures

The Specific Shapes of Protein Molecules

Sugar Molecules

Organic Molecules can form Rings.

What Type of Reaction Splits Sucrose
(disaccharide) into two monosaccharides?
Hydrolysis

Starch is a Polymer Made of Glucose Monomers

Cellulose is Also a Polymer Made of Glucose Monomers