PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

pressure is not a fundamental quantity .

But derived from force and area.
The basic standard for pressures ranging from medium
about 10 -1 mm hg to several hundred thousand pounds /sq.
inch.
Elastic pressure transducer's
Are use for measurement of very high pressures up to
700MN/M 2
The action of these mechanical transducers depends up on
the displacement caused by pressure.
`

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.Elastic pressure transducer's

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.Elastic pressure transducer's
Bourdon tube
The bourdon tubes find application because of their simple
design an low cost.
There are three type of Bourdon elementals
(1) C Type
The tube which is oval in section is formed in to an arc of
250.
One end of the tube is sealed and is attached by a light link
to a mechanism which operates a pointer.
The other end is fixed to a socket where the pressure to be
measure is applied.

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.Elastic pressure transducer's
Bourdon tube
(1) C Type
The internal pressure tends to change the section of the
tube.
The movement of the tip is ideally proportional to the
pressure applied.
The tip is connected to a gear and pinion arrangement
through a mechanical link , which amplifies the
displacement of tip and converts in to deflection of the
pointer.

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.Elastic pressure transducer's
Bourdon tube
(1) C Type

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.Elastic pressure transducer's
Bourdon tube
(1) C Type

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.Elastic pressure transducer's
Bourdon tube
(1) Spiral type

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Bourdon tube
(1) Spiral type
An increased displacement of the free end can be obtained
by the number of turns in the spiral there by avoiding the
need for further magnification.
The gear sector and pinion arrangement is not used ,
The absence of gear sector and pinion arrangement
eliminates the backlash.
When the pressure is applied to the spiral , it tends to
uncoil producing a relatively. long movement of the tip.
The accuracy of the spiral tube elements is higher than C
type elements.

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Bourdon tube
(1) Helical type
Coil is wound in the form of a helix.
The displacement of the tip of a helical element is larger
than that of the spiral element.

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Bourdon tube
(1) Helical type
A central shaft is installed within a helical element and the
pointer is driven from this shaft by connecting links.
Materials used for Bourdon tubes
Brass, alloy steel, stainless steel, phosphor bronze, etc
Phosphor bronze is used for in low pressure applications
where the atmosphere is non-corrosive.
Bellows
A series of circular parts which are joined together in such
a way that they are expand or contracted axially by
changes in pressure.

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Bellows
A series of circular parts which are joined together in such
a way that they are expand or contracted axially by
changes in pressure.
The metal used in construction of bellows must be thin
enough to be flexible, and have high resistance to fatigue
failure.
Material commonly used are brass, bronze, alloys of nickel
and copper, steel etc.

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Bellows

Displacement of bellows element is given by

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Bellows
The advantages of bellows include their rugged
construction, moderate price, usefulness for measurement
of low, medium and high pressures.
Diaphragms
The pressure to be measured is applied to the
diaphram,causing it to deflect, the deflection being
proportional to the applied pressure.
The movement of the diaphragm depends on its thickness
and dia.

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Diaphragms
The pressure to be measured is applied to the
diaphram,causing it to deflect, the deflection being
proportional to the applied pressure.
The movement of the diaphragm depends on its thickness
and dia.

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Diaphragms
The maximum deflection ,d m and the deflection at any
radius d r are given by

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Diaphragms
In some cases a diagram element consists of two or more
capsules connected together with each capsule deflecting
on the application of pressure.
Material used for diagrams include phosphor bronze,
stainless steels, beryllium copper, nickel etc.

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Piezoelectric transducers
Piezoelectric transducers produce an emf when they
are deformed by a displacement.
The pressure to be measured is converted in to a
displacement through use of force summing devices
there by causing a deformation of the piezoelectric
crystal.
The emf is an indicative of pressure applied.
They are most useful where pressure changes occur
frequently.
Quartz is the most commonly used crystal for
piezoelectric transducers.

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Piezoelectric transducers
Advantages.
Suitable for dynamic measurements.
They are small in size.
Negligible phase shift between input and output.
Dis advantages
They are not suitable for static measurements
Sensitivity to temp. changes
They have a high output impedance which leads to loading
effects.

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Low pressure(vacuum) measurements

The vacuum pressure gauges are used for measurement of
pressure below that of atmosphere and this pressure is called
vacuum.
Two commonly used units of vacuum measurement are the
torr and the micrometer.
One torr is equivalent to 1mm Hg at standard conditions.
One micrometer is 10 -3 torr.
McLEOD Gauge
it is essentially
manometer and use mercury as the
manometric fluid.
The principle of working of a McLeod gauge is the
compression of a sample of the low pressure gas.

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McLEOD Gauge
Plunger is withdrawn , lowering the level of mercury below
the opening thereby admitting the gas at the unknown
pressure P.
Let the volume of the gas admitted in to the measuring
capillary and the bulb be V.
The bulb and the measuring are at the same pressure as
vacuum source p.
Plunger is pushed in , the mercury level goes up
Further motion of the plunger causes compression of this
sample and the motion of the plunger is continued until the
level of the mercury is at zero mark in the reference
capillary.

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McLEOD Gauge

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McLEOD Gauge

Unknown pressure P={h 2 At } /{ V-A t h}

h is the height of the mercury in reference capillary ,m
A t is the cross- section of measuring capillary tube, m 2
Advantages of McLEOD Gauge
The unknown pressure is calculated in terms of the physical
dimensions of the gauge .Therefore , this gauge can be used
for calibration of other vacuum measuring gauges.
Can be use d for measurement of pressure below 0.1x 10 -3
torr.

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McLEOD Gauge
It doesnt give continuous output.
Gauge is sensitive to condensed vapours that may present in
the sample of the gas.
There are limitations to the lowest pressure that can be
measured.
Measurement of high pressure(Bridgeman gauge)
Pressure up o about 70000Mpa can be measured with strain
gauge cells or bourdon tubes.
Bridgeman gauge employs fine wire of Manganin or Gold
chrome.
The wire is wound in the form of a coil enclosed in a
pressure container filled with kerosene oil.

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Measurement of high pressure(Bridgeman gauge)

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Measurement of high pressure pressure(Bridgeman gauge)

The coil is enclosed in a flexible kerosene filled bellows
which transmit the pressure under measurement to the coil .
The change in the resistance with change in pressure is
measured with Wheatstone bridge.
Change in value of resistance, R=R 1 b P
b- is the pressure co-efficient of resistance.
Ionization Gauges
An electron passing through an elecric field in a gas
produced by two electrodes acquires a kinetic energy which
is proportional to the potential difference between two
electrodes.

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Ionization Gauges
When this electrons strikes a gas molecule and when this
acquired energy is large enough , there is definite
probability that the electron will drive an electron out of the
molecule leaving it a positively charged ion.
The driven out electron is called a secondary electron.
Electron is edited from a cathode.
Some of these electron strike gas molecule's and drive out
secondary electrons/.
Ion current is a direct measure of the pressure of gas.

type
Spiral type
Helical type

C TYPE

3 MN/m2
Arc of 250
The degree of linearity depends upon the quality of gauge
from oval to circular
Accuracy + 1%

SPIRAL TYPE
The length has increased
Magnification factor not required
It tends to uncoil producing relatively long movement of tip
+ 0.5%

HELICAL TYPE
Ratio as high as 1:10
+ 0.5% to + 1%

MATERIALS USED
Phosphor bronze-atmosphere is non-corrosive
Stainless steel ,monel- corossive atmosphere

BELLOW
A series of circular parts, resembling the folds in accordion
Material flexible, ductile easy to fabricate, high resistance to
the fatigue failure
Brass, bronze, alloy of copper and nickel ,steel , monel

Absolute pressure
Gauge pressure
Differential pressure

DOUBLE BELLOW
DIFFRENTIAL GAUGE
Liquids having having low-coefficient of thermal expansion
Ethyl glycol
+ 0.5%

DIAPHRAGMS

DIAPHRAGM ELEMENT
USING THREE CAPSULES

POTENTIOMETER
PRESSURE TRANSDUSER

BONDED FOIL STRAIN GAUGE