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STAGES AND THEORIES

OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT

PULA. PUTI.
ASUL.
DILAW.

__________ refers to changes in


human beings (or animals) between
conception and death.

PULA:

LIFE-SPAN

PUTI:

GROWTH

ASUL:

DEVELOPMENT

DILAW: MATURATION

This refers to changes that occur


naturally and spontaneously, and to a
large extent, genetically programmed.

PULA:

LIFE-SPAN

PUTI:

GROWTH

ASUL:

DEVELOPMENT

DILAW: MATURATION

This aspect of human development


refers to changes in the way an
individual thinks, reasons and makes
decisions.

PULA:

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

PUTI:

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

ASUL:

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

DILAW: PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

What is the source of development?

PULA:

NATURE VS. NURTURE

PUTI:

CONTINUITY VS. DISCONTINUITY

ASUL:

CRITICAL VS. SENSITIVE

DILAW: HETEROTYPIC VS. HOMOTYPIC

What is the shape of development?

PULA:

NATURE VS. NURTURE

PUTI:

CONTINUITY VS. DISCONTINUITY

ASUL:

CRITICAL VS. SENSITIVE

DILAW: HETEROTYPIC VS. HOMOTYPIC

What is the timing of development?

PULA:

NATURE VS. NURTURE

PUTI:

CONTINUITY VS. DISCONTINUITY

ASUL:

CRITICAL VS. SENSITIVE

DILAW: HETEROTYPIC VS. HOMOTYPIC

Which of the following is not a


general principle of development?

PULA:

People develop at different rates.

PUTI:

Development is relatively orderly.

ASUL:

People mature eventually.

DILAW: Development takes place


gradually.

PRENATAL PERIOD

THE DEVELOPMENT
The 23rd pair of chromosomes
of the EGG is comprised of
Chromosomes XX
The 23rd pair of chromosomes
of the SPERM is comprised of
Chromosomes XY

1ST Zygote the new cell formed by the union of an egg


and sperm, begins the development
2nd Germinal period - the 1st 2 weeks
within three days after fertilization the zygote
increase to around 32 cells and within a week it has
grown to 100-150 cells
3rd Embryonic Period week 2 to week 8. The embryo
begin to develop
EMBRYO A developed zygote that has a heart, a brain,
and other organs.

4th Fetal Period


Begins to responsive to touch
Bends its fingers
16 18 weeks
Movements become strong
Hair may begin to grow at fetus head
Major organs begins to functioning
Brain neurons are produced
24 weeks
It can close and open their eyes
Suck
Cry

Look up, down and around


Deposit fatty deposits under the skin and gains
weight

Age of viability the point at which a fetus can


survive if born prematurely. Week 22
5th Sensitive / Critical Period the time when the
organisms are particular susceptible to certain kinds
of stimuli. Ex: Mothers use of drug before and after
the sensitive period

Week 38
Final week of pregnancy.
Normal weight 7 pounds
Normal Height 20 inches
Preterm Infants who are born before week 38.
Higher risk for illness and even death
Note: Alternative paths to conception
IVF or the INVITRO FERTILIZATION

NATURE vs NURTURE
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE / CAUSES The
influence of parents, siblings, family, friends,
schooling, nutrition and all other experiences to
which a child was exposed.
HERIDITARY CAUSES Based on genetic make up
of an individual that influence growth and
development throughout life.

DETERMINING THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF


NATURE AND NATURE

PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS

Height
Weight
Obesity
Tone of voice
Blood pressure
Tooth decay
Athletic ability
Firmness of
handshake
Age of death
Activity level

INTELLECTUAL
CHRACTERISTICS

Memory
Intelligence
Age of language
acquisition
Reading ability
Mental retardation

EMOTIONAL
CHRACTERISTICS AND
DISORDERS

Shyness
Emotionality
Schizophrenia
Alcoholism
Anxiety

FIGURE 1 Characteristics influenced significantly by genetic factors. Although this characteristics have
strong genetic components, they are also affected by environmental factors

INFANCY PERIOD

It covers the first two weeks immediately after


birth
KINDS OF BIRTH
1.

Natural or Spontaneous Birth the mothers


reproductive organ allow it to emerge in the
normal, head first position.

2.

Breech birth the buttocks appear first,


followed by the legs and finally the head

3.

Transverse Birth the fetus is positioned


crosswise in the mothers uterus.

4. Instrument Birth When fetus too large to


emerge spontaneous or when its position
makes normal birth impossible, instruments
must be used to aid in delivery.
5. Caesarean Birth a slit made surgically in
the mothers abdominal wall.

DIVISION OF INFANCY
A. PERIOD OF PARTUNATE
- From birth to fifteen minutes after birth
- This period begins when the fetal body has
emerge from the mothers body and last until
the umbilical cord has been cut and ties
B. PERIOD OF NEONATE
- From cutting and tying the umbilical cord to
approximately the end of the second week
of postnatal life the environment outside
the mothers body.

BABYHOOD

Occupies the first two years of the life following


the brief two weeks period of infancy.
Reflexes unlearned, involuntary responses that
occur automatically in the presence of certain
stimuli. e.g.
1.

Rooting reflex causes babies to turn their


heads towards things that touches their cheeks.

2.

Sucking reflex prompts infants to suck things


that touches their lips.

3.

Startle reflex a series of movements in


which an infant flings out the arms, fans
the fingers and arches the back in
response to a sudden noise.

4.

Babinski Reflex a baby's toes fan out


when the outer edge of the sole of the
foot is stroked.

REFLEXES AT THE STAGE OF BABYHOOD


MONTHS

REFLEXES

Lifts head up

2 1/2

Rolls over

Sit propped up

3.3

Grasping rattle

Sits without support

7.2

Standing while holding on

8.2

Grasping with thumb and finger

11.5

Standing alone well

12.3

Walking well

14

Walks backwards

16.6

Walking up steps

20

Kicks the ball forward

23.8

Jumping in place

SPEAKING
A.

PRONUNCIATION the baby learns to


pronounce words partly by trial and error but
mainly by imitating adult speech.

B.

VOCABULARY BUILDING Babies learn the


names of people and objects first

C.

SENTENCES appear between 12 18


months, generally consist of the word
accompanied by gestures

COMMON EMOTIONAL PATTERNS IN BABYHOOD


A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

Anger common stimuli that gives rise to anger in


babies are interference with attempted movements
Fear the stimuli likely to arouse fear in babies are
loud noise, strange persons, objects and situations
Curiosity anything new or unusual acts as a
stimulus to curiosity, unless the newness is so
pronounced that gives rise to fear.
Joy is stimulated by physical well being, babies
react to being played with, being tickled and
watching or listening to others.
Affection anyone who plays with babies, takes
care of their bodily needs or shown affection

COMMON PLAY PATTERNS OF BABYHOOD


a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Sensori motor play


Exploratory play
Imitative play
Make believe play
Games
Amusements

EARLY CHILDHOOD

Extends from 2 6 years old

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
A.

B.

C.

HEIGHT the average annual increase in height


is 3 inches. By the age of six, the average child
measures 46.6 inches.
WEIGHT the average normal increase in
weight is 3 5 pounds. Average girl weights
48.5 pounds and boy weights 49 pounds
BODY PROPORTIONS change markedly and
the baby looked disappears.

D. BODY BUILD
Endomorphic or flabby fat body build
Mesomorphic or sturdy muscular body build.
Ectomorphic thin body build.
E. TEETH baby teeth begin to be replaced by
permanent teeth.

OTHER PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT FROM MIDDLE AND LATE


ADULTHOOD
7 8 YEARS OLD
Steady increase in height, weight and strength.
Increased use of body parts
Refinement of gross motor skills
Improvement in fine motors skills
9-12 YEARS OLD
Growth spurt begins for girls
Increase in strength for girls accompanies by loos of flexibility
Awareness and development of all body parts and systems
Ability to combine motor skills more fluidly
11 YEARS OLD
Girls generally taller and heavier than boys
Continued improvement of fine motors skills
Growth spurt begins for boys

TYPES OF DISCLIPLINE USED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD


A. AUTHORITARIAN the traditional form of discipline.
Parents are rigid, punitive, has strict standards

Types of behaviour produced in child - unsociable,


unfriendly B. PERMISSIVE Revolt against the authoritarian
discipline. The philosophy behind this type of
disciplinary technique was that children would learn
from the consequence of their acts how to behave
in a socially approved way.
- Types of behaviour produced in child immature,
moody, dependent, low self control

C. AUTHORITATIVE firms, sets limits and goals, uses


reasoning, encourage independence (ex. You need to
clean your room before we go out to the restaurant. As
soon as you finished, well leaved.)
Types of behaviour produced in child good social
skills, likable, self-reliant, independent)
D. UNINVOLVED parents detached emotionally, sees
role only as providing food, clothing and shelter (ex. I
dont care if your room is dirty)
E. DEMOCRATIC DISCIPLINE emphasized the rights of
the child to know why rules are made and to have an
opportunity to express their opinions if they believe a
rule in unfair.

ADOLESCENCE

From 12 18 or 21 years old


The developmental stage between childhood and
adulthood.

PUBERTY
Pubertas means manhood, it refgers to physical rather
than the behavioral changes
The period at which maturation of the sexual organ occurs,
begins at about 11 to 12 for girls, when menstruation starts.
For boys, the onset of puberty is marked by their first
ejaculation, known as SPERMARCHE. At first, relatively few
sperm are produced during an ejaculation, but the amount
increase significantly within a few years.
Individual becomes sexually mature and capable of
producing offspring

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
MALE
Sex glands produce increased levels of sex hormones.
External sex organs assume their adult form.
Start to produce sperm.
Develop facial and chest hair
Voices deepen
FEMALE
Sex glands produce increased levels of sex hormones.
External sex organs assume their adult form.
Experience breast enlargement and widening of hips
Both sexes develop pubic hairs

STAGES OF PUBERTY
a.

b.

c.

PREPUBESCENT STAGE Child is regarded as


one who is no longer a child but not yet an
adolescent. Secondary sex characteristics begin
to appear but the reproductive organs are not
yet fully developed.
PUBESCENT STAGE Dividing the line between
childhood and adulthood. Menarche in girls and
first nocturnal emissions in boys.
POSTPUBESCENT STAGE The secondary sex
characteristics become well developed and the
sex organs begin to function in a mature
manner

IMPORTANT SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS


BOYS
1. Hair
2. Skin
3. Glands
4. Muscles
5. Voice
6. Breast knots

GIRLS
1. Hips
2. Breast
3. Hair
4. Skin
5. Glands
6. Muscles
7. Voice

Note:

Adolescent are more likely to suffer


depression- an affective behaviour involving
feeling of sadness, apathy and hopelessness.
Studies show that depression is more common
among adolescent girls than adolescent boys.
ADOLESCENT SUICIDE Suicide is the 3rd leading
causes of death for adolescent in US . A teenager
commits suicide every 90min. (CDC, 2004)
Male adolescents are five times more likely to
commit suicide than females.
Most common causes of suicide is family
problems.

Signs of indications of suicide attempts


School problems, such as missing classes and a sudden
change in grades.
Frequent incidents of self-destructive behavior, such as
careless accidents.
Loss of appetite or excessive eating.
Withdrawal from friends and peers.
Sleeping problems
Signs of depression or overt indications of
psychological indications such as hallucinations.
A preoccupation with death, an after life, or what
would happen if I died.
Putting affairs in order, such as giving away prized
possessions or making arrangement for the care of pet.
An explicit announcement of thoughts of suicide

ADULTHOOD

EARLY ADULTHOOD 18 to 35 years old


MIDDLE AGE 35 to 60 years old
LATE ADULTHOOD 60 years old onwards
PHYSICAL CHANGES

MENOPAUSE the period during which the women


stop menstruating and are o longer fertile.
Sexual activity tends to decrease
The tissues supporting the teeth have already
began to weaken.
Skin begin to bulges and wrinkles gradually
appears.
A slight loss of height as the thickness of the disks
between vertebrae in the spine decreases.

INTEGRITY VERSUS DESPAIR As people reach the


last decades of their lives, it is natural for them to
look back and ask did my life have meaning?
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
EARLY ADULTHOOD
Selecting a mate
Learning to live with a
partner
Starting a family and
Rearing children

MIDDLE AGE

LATER MATURITY

Achieving adult civic and Adjusting to decreasing


social responsibilities
physical strength and
health.
Establishing and
maintaining an economic Adjusting to retirement
standard of living
and reduced income

Managing home

Developing adult leisure- Adjusting to death of


time activities
partner

Getting started in an
occupation

Adjusting to aging
partner

ADJUSTING TO DEATH
1. Denial In this stage, people resists the idea that they
are dying.
2. Anger After moving to denial stage, dying people
become angry.
3. Bargaining Anger leads to bargaining, in which the dying
try to think of ways to postpone death. Ex if only I can
live to see my son married, I will accept death then
4. Depression when dying people come to feel that
bargaining is of no use, they move to the next stage of
depression. They realize that their lives really coming to
an end.
5. Acceptance in this stage, people accept impending
death. Usually they are unemotional and
uncommunicative; it is as if they have made peace with
themselves and are expecting death with no bitterness

ERIKSONS THEORY OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT development of


individuals interactions and understanding of each
other and of their knowledge and understanding of
themselves as members of the society.
STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Psychosocial Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust

Occurs between birth and one year of age and is the


most fundamental stage in life.

Because an infant is utterly dependent, the


development of trust is based on the dependability
and quality of the childs caregivers.

Psychosocial Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddlers (ages 1 to 3 years old) develop


independence and autonomy if exploration and
freedom are encourage, or shame and self doubt if
they are restricted and overprotected.

Other important events include gaining more


control over food choices, toy preferences, and
clothing selection.

Children who successfully complete this stage feel


secure and confident, while those who do not are
left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt.

Psychosocial Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt

Children from 3 6 years old experience conflict


between independence of action and sometimes
negative results of that action. Main Question: "Am
I good or am I bad?"

During the preschool years, children begin to assert


their power and control over the world through
directing play and other social interaction.

Children who are successful at this stage feel


capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to
acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt,
self-doubt and lack of initiative

Psychosocial Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority

This stage covers the early school years from


approximately age 6 to 12. Main Question: " "How can I
be good?"

Through social interactions, children begin to develop a


sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.

Children who are encouraged and commended by


parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence
and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no
encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will
doubt their ability to be successful.

Psychosocial Stage 5 - Identity vs. Confusion

During adolescence (12 18 years old), children


are exploring their independence and developing
a sense of self. Main Question: "Who am I and
where am I going?"

Those who receive proper encouragement and


reinforcement through personal exploration will
emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self
and a feeling of independence and control. Those
who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires
will insecure and confused about themselves and
the future.

Psychosocial Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation

This stage covers the period of early adulthood (19 40


years old) when people are exploring personal relationships.
Main question "Am I loved and wanted?" or "Shall I share my
life with someone or live alone?"

Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close,


committed relationships with other people. Those who are
successful at this step will develop relationships that are
committed and secure.

Note: Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity


was important to developing intimate relationships. Studies
have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend
to have less committed relationships

Psychosocial Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation

During middle adulthood (45 65 years old), we


continue to build our lives, focusing on our career
and family. Main Question: "Will I produce
something of real value?"

Those who are successful during this phase will feel


that they are contributing to the world by being
active in their home and community. Those who
fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and
uninvolved in the world.

Psychosocial Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair

This phase occurs during old age (65 onwards) and is


focused on reflecting back on life. Main Question:
"Have I lived a full life?"

Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel


that their life has been wasted and will experience
many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings
of bitterness and despair.

Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will


feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this
phase means looking back with few regrets and a
general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will
attain wisdom, even when confronting death.

SUMMARY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

SIGMUND FREUD
PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT

Sexual infantilism In pursuing and satisfying his or


herlibido (sexual drive), the child might experience
failure (parental and societal disapproval) and thus
might associate anxiety with the given erogenous
zone. To avoid anxiety, the child becomesfixated,
preoccupied with the psychologic themes related to
the erogenous zone in question, which persist into
adulthood, and underlie the personality and
psychopathology of the man or woman, aspersonality
disorders etc.

Stage

ORAL

ANAL

Age Range

Erogenous
zone

Consequences of psychologic
fixation

Birth1 year

Mouth

Orally aggressive: chewing gum


and the ends of pencils, etc.
Orally Passive: smoking, eating,
kissing, oral sexual practices[4]
Oral stage fixation might result
in a passive, gullible,
immature, manipulative
personality.

13 years

Bowel
and bladder
elimination

Anal retentive: Obsessively


organized, or excessively neat
Anal expulsive: reckless,
careless, defiant, disorganized

Stage

PHALLIC

Age
Range

Erogenou
s zone

36 years Genitalia

Consequences of
psychologic
fixation
Oedipus complex
(in boys and girls);
according to
Sigmund Freud.
Electra complex (in
girls); according to
Carl Jung.

Dormant
sexual
feelings

LATENCY

6
puberty

GENITAL

Sexual
Puberty
interests
death
mature

Sexual unfulfillment
if fixation
occurs in this stage.
Frigidity,
impotence,
unsatisfactory
relationships

JEAN PIAGETS COGNITIVE


THEORY

Thinking is
qualitatively different
depending upon the
developmental stage of
the learner
Processes include
direct learning, social
transmission, and
maturation.

PIAGETS COGNITIVE STAGES

PIAGETS BASIC
PRINCIPLES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Sensorimotor

Birth - 2 years

Child develops schemes


primarily through sense and
SCHEME: Organized pattern of thought or behavior
motor activities

ASSIMILATION: Person
interprets new ideasChild
or experiences
to fit
Preoperational
2 7 years
can think symbolically;
existing schemes
holds egocentric view of the
world
ACCOMODATION: Person changes existing schemes to fit new ideas
or experiences
Concrete Operational
7 11 years
Child becomes able to
ADAPTATION: Interplay between assimilationmanipulate
and accomodation,
logical relationships
resulting in development
among concepts but only by
generalizing from concrete
EQUILIBRIUM: Harmonious
of a persons
schemes and
11 years -balance
adulthood
experiences
Formalexperiences
Operationalwith the environment
Child is able to deal with
abstractions, form hypotheses,
solve problems systematically

PIAGETS SOCIAL
TRANSMISSION FACTORS

Cognitive
consonance--what the
learner is experiencing
fits with what he
believes and knows
Cognitive dissonance-new info doesnt agree
Equilibrium--state of
no dissonance

PIAGETS COGNITIVE STAGES


Sensorimotor

Birth - 2 years

Child develops schemes


primarily through sense and
motor activities

Preoperational

2 7 years

Child can think symbolically;


holds egocentric view of the
world

Concrete Operational

7 11 years

Child becomes able to


manipulate logical relationships
among concepts but only by
generalizing from concrete
experiences

11 years - adulthood
Formal Operational

Child is able to deal with


abstractions, form hypotheses,
solve problems systematically

References:
Panlaqui, Asuncion & Diego (2013) General
Psychology: Understanding the Self. HISGOPHIL
Publishing Inc.
Feldman, Robert S. (2008). Understanding
Psychology (5th edition). Mc Graw Hill
International
Gaerlan, Josefina, Limpingco Delia & Tria
Geraldine. General Psychology (5th edition).
Incorporated

Ken

THANK YOU..

LIFE IS LIKE A COIN. YOU CAN SPEND IT


ANY WAY YOU WISH, BUT YOU ONLY
SPEND IT ONCE

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