Learning and Problem

Solving

What is Learning?
The activity or process of gaining
knowledge or skill by studying,
practicing, being taught or
experiencing something
The act, process or experience of
gaining knowledge or skill
Measurable and relatively
measurable change in behavior
through experience, instruction or
study (Learning itself cannot be

Learning and Problem

Solving

The Three Main Types of Learning

Styles:
Auditory (hear)
Visual (see)
Kinesthetic (touch)
Most people learn best through a
combination of the three types of
learning styles, but everybody is
different.

Learning and Problem

Solving

What Is Learning (In Psychology)?

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning

Learning and Problem

Solving

What Is Learning (In Psychology)?

Classical Conditioning
Learning that results from the pairing
of an unconditioned and a conditioned
stimulus
Operant Conditioning
A process of conditioning in which
behavior change is caused by the
consequences of
the behavior
Observational Learning
Also called social learning theory,
occurs when an observers behavior

Learning and Problem

Solving

What is a Problem:

A perceived gap between the

existing state and a desired state, or
a deviation from a norm, standard,
or status quo.
A discrepancy between a desirable
and an actual situation
An unresolved dilemma or conflict
for which an answer have
notyetbeen found.

Learning and Problem

Solving

What is Problem Solving:

A mental process that involves
discovering, analyzing and solving
problems to overcome obstacles and
find a solution that best resolves the
issue.
Theprocessofworkingthrough
details of aproblemto reach
asolution.
A cognitive process directed at
transforming a problem from the

Decision Making
Definition: making a choice among
several
possible alternatives
Characteristics:
1. A discrepancy between the current
situation and the target situation
2. At least two options for action to
achieve the target

Decision Making
Decision problems are complex
WHY?
1. Numerous dimensions some of
which can only be described in
qualitative terms
2. Relationships between dimensions
are unclear
3. Problem may involve more than one
department or division
4. A number of possible alternatives
5. Future development may be unclear

Decision Making
Categories:
1. Decision under
2. Decision under
uncertainty
3. Decision under
imprecision
4. Decision under
imperfection
5. Decision under
cooperation

certainty
probabilistic
probabilistic
information
conflict and

Decision Making
Approach:

Purely intuitively
Routine recourse to past procedures
Adopting solutions suggested by
experts
Random selection
Systematic rational thought
supported by relevant information

What is the problem?

Framing the Problem:
A frame is a mental window through
which we view a particular problem,
situation or opportunity
The prisms through which we see the
world they determine both what we
see and how we interpret it (Alan Rowe)
When it comes to making decisions, the way
people frame a problem exerts enormous
power over the options they will recognize
and the solutions they will favour, hence the
need to avoid biasness

Creativity
What is creativity (or creativeness)?
A mental process involving the
generation of new ideas or concepts,
or new associations between existing
ideas or concepts (the act of making
something new).
Without creativity there would be
no progress. We would be forever
repeating the same patterns
Edward de Bono

Why the decline in creativity?

Family

upbringing (De-geniusing)
Education system
Lack of exercising our creative
powers
Infinite amount of information
Cultural values
He who asks is a fool for 5 minutes
but he who does not ask remains
a fool forever

Decision Making
Why the need to be creative?
Problem solving
Changes and Improvements
Breaking pattern
New uses

How to engage our creative power?

There are tools and techniques

that will greatly increase our ability
to generate creative ideas that
allow us to get out from our
problem.

What is an expert?
Characteristic of an expert?
Knowledge
Experience
Communication Ability
Connectedness
Curiosity

How to become an expert

By focusing on:
Perpetual learning
Networking
Practice
Presentation skills
Sharing