CONTENTS

Introduction of Operation Amplifier

(Op-Amp)
Analysis of ideal Op-Amp applications
Comparison of ideal and non-ideal
Op-Amp
Non-ideal Op-Amp consideration
Properties of Op-Amp

Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)

Very high differential

gain
High input impedance
Low output impedance
Provide voltage changes
(amplitude and polarity)
Used in oscillator, filter
and instrumentation
Accumulate a very high
gain by multiple stages

+V

cc

Input 1

Input 2

R ~inf
in

Output

-V R ~0
cc

out

Vo GdVd
Gd : differential gain normally
very large, say 105

Single-Ended Input
+

~ Vi

+ terminal : Source
terminal : Ground
0o phase change

+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source
180o phase change

Double-Ended Input
V

Differential input

Vd V V

0o phase shift change

between Vo and Vd
+

~ V1

Ques: What Vo should b e if,

Ans: (A or B) ?

(A)

(B)

Distortion
+V =+5V
cc

+5V
o

0
5V

V =5V
cc

The output voltage never excess the DC

voltage supply of the Op-Amp

Common-Mode Operation
Same voltage source is applied

+
o

at both terminals
Ideally, two input are equally
amplified
Output voltage is ideally zero
due to differential voltage is
zero
Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured

Note for differential circuits:

Opposite inputs : highly amplified
Common inputs : slightly
amplified
Common-Mode Rejection

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

(CMRR)
Differential voltage input :

Vd V V

Common voltage input :

1
Vc (V V )
2

Output voltage :

Vo Gd Vd GcVc
Gd : Differential gain
Gc : Common mode gain

Noninverting
+
Input
Output
Inverting
Input

Common-mode rejection ratio:

CMRR

Gd
G
20 log10 d (dB)
Gc
Gc

Note:
When Gd >> Gc or CMRR
Vo = GdVd

Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
-

The gain without feedback

Equal to differential gain
Zero common-mode gain
Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000

(2) Infinite Input impedance

-

Input current ii ~0A

T- in high-grade op-amp
m-A input current in low-grade opamp

V1
V2

i1~0

i2~0

act as perfect internal voltage source

No internal resistance
Output impedance in series with load
Reducing output voltage to the load

Vo

Rout
Vo' +

(3) Zero Output Impedance

-

Vo

Vload Vo

Rload
Rload
Rload Rout

Frequency-Gain Relation

Ideally, signals are amplified

from DC to the highest AC
(Voltage Gain)
frequency
Gd
Practically, bandwidth is limited
0.707Gd
741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.

Unity Gain frequency f1: the

gain at unity
Cutoff frequency fc: the gain
drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd
GB Product : f1 = Gd fc

20log(0.707)=3dB

1
0

fc

f1
(frequency)

Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp

Open Loop gain A

Ideal

Practical

105

Bandwidth BW

10-100Hz

Input Impedance
Zin

>1M

Output Impedance
Zout

10-100

Output Voltage Vout

Depends only
on Vd =
(V+V)

Depends
slightly on
average input
Vc = (V++V)/2
Common-Mode
signal

Differential
mode signal

CMRR

10-100dB

Vin

+ AVin

Ideal op-amp

Zout=0

Vin

Zin

Vout

Practical op-amp

Zout
~

AVin

Vout

Ideal Op-Amp Applications

Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1)
The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2)
The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero
For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(1)
Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(2)
Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(3)
Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain

Non-Inverting Amplifier
(1)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields,

V Vi

(2)

Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo

0
Ra
Rf
or

Rf
Vo
1
Vi
Ra

Kirchhoff node equation at V

yields,
V 0 V Vo

0
Ra
Rf

(3)

in

Ra

Rf

v+

v-

vi

v+
v-

Rf
Ra

)vi

Rf

Voltage follower

vo vi

R2

v-

vo

vo

Rf

Ra

Noninverting amplifier

vo (1

R1

v+

vi

Non-Inverting input with voltage divider

Rf
R2
vo (1 )(
)vi
Ra R1 R2
v

v+
i

v-

Less than unity gain

vo

R2
vi
R1 R2

Inverting Amplifier
(1)

Rf

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields,

Ra

V 0

(2)

Vin V_
Ra

(3)

V ~

Kirchhoff node equation at V

yields,

in

Vo V
0
Rf

Setting V+ = V yields

Vo R f

Vin
Ra

Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is

dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,
and is independent of the open-loop gain.
This is caused by the use of feedback output
voltage to subtract from the input voltage.

Multiple Inputs
(1)

(2)

Kirchhoff node
equation at V+ yields,

V 0
Kirchhoff node
equation at V yields,

V_ Vo
Rf

(3)

V Va V Vb V Vc

0
Ra
Rb
Rc

Setting V+ = V yields
c V
Va Vb Vc
j
Vo R f

R f
j a R j
Ra Rb Rc

Rf
Va
Vb
Vc

Ra
Rb
Rc

Non-ideal case

(Inverting Amplifier)

Rf
Ra

V ~

in

in

Ra

Vin

Zin

Practical op-amp

Zout
~

Vout

AVin

Equivalent Circuit
Rf

3 categories are considering

R
R
V
+ +

-AV

Close-Loop Voltage Gain

Input impedance
Output impedance

Close-Loop Gain
Applied KCL at V terminal,
Vin V V Vo V

0
Ra
R
Rf
By using the open loop gain,

Rf

Ra

in

R R

+ +

Vo AV

Vin Vo
V
V
V

o o o 0
Ra ARa AR R f AR f

Vin Vo R R f Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Ra

ARa R R f

The Close-Loop Gain, Av

AR R f
Vo
Av

Vin R R f Ra R f Ra R ARa R

Ra

in

-AV
Rf

V R

Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
Av ~

Rf
Ra

Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form

as an ideal case

Input Impedance
Input Impedance can be regarded as,
Rin Ra R // R

where R is the equivalent impedance

of the red box circuit, that is
V
R
if
However, with the below circuit,
V ( AV ) i f ( R f Ro )
V R f Ro
R

if
1 A

Rf

Ra

in

V R

+ +

-AV
R'

if

Rf
R

V
+

-AV

Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 A
Rin Ra

R
R

R

f
o

Rin Ra

R ( R f Ro )
R f Ro (1 A) R

Since, R f Ro (1 A) R , Rin become,

Rin ~ Ra

( R f Ro )
(1 A)

Again with R f Ro (1 A)
Rin ~ Ra

Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from

input to output

Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. Vi is assumed to be 0
Ra
Firstly, with figure (a),
V

Ra // R
Ra R
Vo V
Vo
R f Ra // R
Ra R f Ra R R f R

Rf

R
V

By using KCL, io = i1+ i2

Vo
V ( AV )
io
o
R f Ra // R f
Ro
By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),
The output impedance, Rout is
Ro ( Ra R f Ra R R f R )
Vo

io (1 Ro )( Ra R f Ra R R f R ) (1 A) Ra R

R and A comparably large,

Ro ( Ra R f )
Rout ~
ARa

Rf

V
Ra

io

+
-AV

i2

V
R

(a)

i1
V

-AV

(b)