CONTROL SYSTEMS

Unit 1

Text book
Norman Nise Control System Engg.
Reference books
1. Smarajit Ghosh, Control Systems (Theory And

Applications), Pearson Education,2005

2. Benjamin C Kuo. Automatic Control System. 8th
Edition, John Wiley &Sons,2003.
3. R.C. Dorf And R.H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems
(Examples And Design Problems), Pearson Education, 2004
4. M. Gopal, Control Systems-Principles And Design,
Tata McGrawhill 3nd Edn. 2002.
5. K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, Pearson
Edition.

System?
Collection of components or elements to perform the
specified task.

Types of System?

Electrical system

Mechanical system

Electromechanical system

Hydraulic system

Pneumatic system

Thermal system

Control System (or) Controlled System?

The output quantity of the system is controlled by
varying the input quantity.
Types of Control System?
Open loop control system

Closed loop control system

Open loop control system

An open-loop control system is one in which the control action
is independent of the output.
Disturbance

Input
or
Reference
or
Set value

Controller

Disturbance
Process or Plant +
to be
controlled

+
Output
or
Controlled
Variable

Closed loop control system or Automatic Control System

A closed-loop control system is one in which the control
action is somehow dependent on the output.

Disturbance

Desired
output

+
Input
or
Reference
or
Set value

Controller

Correction
element
Actuator

Actual
output

Feedback element
(Transducer
or sensor)

Disturbance
Process or
Plant
to be
controlled

Output
or
Controlled
Variable

Open loop control system

Advantages

Closed loop control system

Advantage

Always a stable system

Accurate output

Economic system

Reliable output

Disadvantages

Disadvantages

Inaccurate output

Costlier

Unreliable output

Designing a stable CL system

is tedious

Classifications of Control
System

Continuous Time Feedback

System

If the signals in all parts of a control system are continuous

functions of time, the system is classified as continuous time
feedback control system.

Classifications of Control
System

Discrete Data Feedback Control

Systems
Discrete data control systems are those systems in which at one
or more pans of the feedback control system, the signal is in the
form of pulses. Usually, the error in such system is sampled at
uniform rate and the resulting pulses are fed to the control
system.

Classifications of Control
System

Linear Control Systems

An element is said to be linear if it obeys the principle of super

position and homogeneity.

Classifications of Control
System

Non-Linear Control Systems

Any system which does not obey superposition principle is said to

be a non-linear system. Physical systems are in general non-linear
and analysis of such systems is very complicated. Hence these
systems are usually linearised.

Classifications of Control
System

Time Invariant Systems

When the input to a system is delayed by T seconds, if the output

is also delayed by the same time T, the system is said to be a time
invariant system.

Mathematical Modeling
if a system is composed of linear, lumped and time invariant
elements, its behaviour can be modelled by either linear algebraic
equations or linear differential equations with constant
coefficients.
If the input output relations are algebraic, the system is said to be
a static system.
if the relations are described by differential equations (the most
used) , the system is said to be a dynamic system.
Another most useful and common mathematical model is the
Transfer function' of the system.

Transfer Function
It is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of the output to the
Laplace transform of the input. It is assumed that all initial
condition in the system are zero

Electrical Systems
Obtain the relation between the applied voltage and the current in
the form of (a) Differential equation (b) Transfer function