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AN D
P R O P ER TIES O F N U C LEI
By
A Saxena
Nucleons
+1e
H (99.99%), 2H (0.01%).
2H is called deuterium and its nucleus
deuteron.
Another unstable Isotope with A = 3
called tritium 3H.
Isobars Nuclei with same mass no.
A, but different no. of proton Z
Isotones nuclei with same no. of
neutrons but different mass no.
1
Nuclear mass :
Atomic mass M by subtracting the
masses of
Z orbital electrons (me is mass of
electron)
Mnucl = M - Z me
This expression is not exact,
since it does not take into account
binding energies of the electrons
in atom.
In hydrogen atom
mass of hydrogen atom MH and neutron Mn
M = Z MH + N Mn - M(A, Z)
where M(A,
no. Z).
Z)
12
10
30
Packing fraction
-10 0
70
50
20
180
60
A
220
100
140
10
EB/A
( MeV/u )
4
0
150
16
180
24
28 // 60
A
90
120
(d) For
very
light
fluctuations in fB,
nuclei
rapid
Nature
of
binding
energy
curve
is
complimentary to packing fraction curve .
MH =1 + fH and Mn = 1 + fn
(where fH = 0.007825 u and fn = 0.008665 u are constant)
then we have
EB = Z ( 1 + fH ) + N (1 + fn ) - M (A, Z)
= ( Z + N ) + Z fH + N fn - A (1 + f )
= A + Z fH + N fn - A - M
where M = A f ,
Hence we get
EB = Z fH + N fn - M
f B = EB =
Z fH + N fn
_ M
A
A
A
= Z f H + N fn
_ f
A
N uclear size
Rutherford's theory of -particle scattering gives
smallness of nuclear size.
It
- -
-Vo
- - - R
Vc =E
- - - - r
Vc
= ZZ e2
4 0 r
distribution is defined as
<r2 > = o r2. 4r2 (r) dr
4r2 (r) dr
where (r) is nuclear charge density.
For a uniformly charged sphere ( =
constant)
of radius R, this gives (since = 0 for r> R)
<r2 > = oR r4 dr
R 2
o r dr
o
R2 = 5 <r2 >
3
Ao
1/2
Accelerator
collimato
r
Deflectin
g magnet
Beam
stopp
er
Accelerator
////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////shielding////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////
S
//////////////////////////////
///
Scatterin
///
g
-/-------------------------- T --- chamber
---- ///
--- s
--- pe
///
o-m c
///
et tr
r e
2
(r) is charge density within nucleus and
exponential is a phase factor over the volume.
Nuclear Charge
Density
.
Skin
thickness
<---- 4.4 a
------>
90% ----
<----------R1/2-------->
10 % ---Nuclear
Radius
For r = R1/2 , =o /2
where o is charge density at centre (r = 0).
Thus R1/2 is half radius.
Parameter a determines the skin-thickness of nucleus,
in which (r) falls from 0.9 to 0.1 o of nuclear
surface. Hence t = 4.4 a.
If we approximate above Eqn. for uniform charge distribution,
then equivalent
R = roA1/3
where ro = 1.32 x 10-15 m for A < 50
and ro = 1.21 x 10-15 m for A > 50
This confirms that nuclear matter is almost uniformly
distributed within nuclear volume,
if we assume mass and charge radii are equal for all nuclei
a= 0.5 x 10-15 m = 0.5 fm.
N uclear Spin
Protons & neutrons have intrinsic spin
nuclear spin.
For ground state Nuclear spin I = 0 (for
even Z, even N nuclei).
This shows the tendency of nucleons inside
the nucleus, to form pairs with equal and
oppositely aligned angular momenta, which
cancel out in pairs for like nucleons.
Measured values of ground state spins of the
nuclei are small integers or half odd integers,
highest measured value being 9/2 which is
small compared to sum of lj and si of all
individual nucleons in the nucleus.