e-documentation and ecitation in academic

writing
Liln Malugani Guillet Sergio Hernn Salas

 Choose general subject areas

Narrow the topic
Select focused topic from general subject
areas

Your
Research

Verify with your instructor topic, timing,

length of the paper, and documentation
style

Your
Research

Choose general subject areas

Textbooks
Handbooks listing topics
Instructor and librarian
Personal or others experiences and knowledge
WEB Search engines

Your
Research

Narrow the topic

Criteria:
Must interest you

Avoid subjects:
Too distasteful or
uninteresting to you

Must be within your

abilities

Too hard to investigate

Must be enough
information available

Exhausted by previous
investigations

Your
Research

Narrow the topic: Strategies

General encyclopedias indexes
Books table of content, introduction, indexes
Magazines, journals, references, bibliographical
sketches
Free writing, clustering, listing
WEB More specific key words

Your
Research

Focusing the topic

Distopian Novels

Gothicism
New Goths

1984

Brave New
World

Winston Smith

Fashion
Romanticism
Shelley

Adonais

John

Your
Research

Ask your instructor:

Timing and length of the paper
Verification of the topic
Documentation style
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Harvard and Vancouver Style

Your
Research

Modern Language Association

(MLA)
Book
A chapter in a book
Journal article

Printed

Newspaper article
Conference paper
Government publication
Statistics
Encyclopedia & dictionary

Your
Research

Modern Language Association

(MLA)
Book (ebook)
Articles in an electronic journal (ejournal)

World Wide Web

Newspaper article
Editorial

Non-printed

Letter to the editor

Government publication
E-mail message
Web discussion forum posting

Your
Research

Modern Language Association

(MLA)
Interview
Film: DVD/ VCD

Audio-visual

Video clip
Work of art
Music composition

Your
Research

Criteria for Evaluating Sources

Authoritative: encyclopedias, textbooks, articles in academic

journals, ask experts.
Reliable: different sources. Field research vs. authoritative
library/ electronic source. Check if the author is a renown
one.
Well supported: sufficient evidence.
Current: up-to-date. Check if the information is replaced or
modified.

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Research

Type of Paper: Format

Descriptive (report)
Position
Argumentative

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Research

Citation: Cards
Bibliography
Webgraphy
Quotation
Summary
Paraphrase
Statement of facts
Comment

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Research

B/C

Bibliography Card

Authors last name

Authors last name and initials Year, Title of the book,
Publisher, Place of publication [First edition].

(the sources owner)

The card has to be always accompanied with the source material

Your
Research

Printed

Author(s) of book surname and initials Year of publication, Title of book

italicised, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication [First edition].

Erdrich, L 2005, Love Medicine,1st Harper Perennial Modern Classic

Edition, Harper Perennial Modern Classic, New York [1984].

Title of book italicised Year of publication, (Edition,) Publisher, Place of

publication [First edition].

English Pronunciation Dictionary 2004, Cambridge University Press,

United Kingdom [1917].

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Research

Audio-visual

Producer, Director, Year of publication, Title series Title and

individual volume italicised, [Format], Studio / distributor / label,
Place of publication
Silver, J. and A. Mason (producers), Wachowski, A. and L.
Wachowski (writers/directors), 1999, The Matrix [DVD], Village
Roadshow, Australia

Performer, Year of release, Title of song, Title of album italicised,

[Format], Studio / distributor / label, Place of publication

Pearl Jam 2006 Pearl Jam, [Music recording: CD], SONY

BMG, Argentina.

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Research

Webgraphy Card

If there is no
author or title,
write the URL

W/C

(Authors last name and initials,) (Title of the book,

essay, etc) Date of release, Date of access
<URL>

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Research

Non-printed

Author(s) of journal surname and initials, Title of the article in single quotation marks,
Journal name italicised, Issue number, Date of internet publication, Date of access
<URL>
Zeleza, PT The politics and poetics of exile Edward Said in Africa
Research in African Literatures 36.3 (Fall 2005): p1(22). Academic
OneFile. Thomson Gale. Academic OneFile - Trial. 20 Aug. 2006
<http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IACDocuments&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A134624832&sourc
e=gale&srcprod=AONE&userGroupName=tlm_acadof&version=1.0>

Author(s) of the ebook surname and initials, Book name italicised, Date of release,
Date of access <URL>
Walpole, H Hieroglyphic Tales, 20 November 2004, 20 June 2006, 09:50:23
p.m. <http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14098>

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Research

Quotation Card

Its language is particularly

appropriate or distinctive.
Its idea is particularly hard to
paraphrase accurately.
The authority of the source is
especially important to support
your thesis or main point.
The sources words are open to
interpretation

Do not use quotation in more

than a quarter of your paper.
Quote accurately: check and
recheck.
Avoid plagiarism.
Do not use quotation marks in
the cards

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Research

Q/C

Quotation Card
Authors last name

p(p) or para./ #
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(the sources owner)

In the quotation cards the words, phrases or sentences are not

written between inverted commas

Quotation

Your
Research

Summary Card

Identify the main points and condense them without losing

the essence of the material.
Use your own words to condense the message.
Do not introduce opinions of your own.
Keep your summary short: 30% of the original material

Your
Research

S/C

Summary Card

Authors last name

p(p) or para./ #
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(the sources owner)

Summary

Your
Research

Paraphrase Card

Use this type of card to reproduce ideas in detail.

Say what the source says, but not more.
Reproduce the sources order of ideas and emphasis.
Use your own words, phrasing and sentences structures to restate
the message.
Use the same words ONLY if they are technical terms or have
awkward synonyms.
Read your sentences over to make sure that they do not distort the
sources meaning.
Expect your material to be as long as, and possibly longer than, the
original.

Your
Research

P/C

Paraphrase Card

Authors last name

p(p) or para./ #
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(the sources owner)

Paraphrase

Your
Research

Statement of facts
Card

State only the important issues in the form of vignettes.

Respect the sources order of ideas and emphasis.
Do not distort the sources meaning.
Document carefully the statement of facts as you do for
other cards.

Your
Research

St of f/C

Statement of facts
Card
Authors last name

p(p) or para./ #

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(the sources owner)

Listing
of facts

Your
Research

Comment Card

This type of card shows the advancement of your paper.

Write your comments on specific aspects of the text,
article, film you are researching.
Make exact reference using a heading to the text,
article, film you are working with.

Your
Research

C/C
name

Comment Card

Authors last

p(p) or para./ #
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(the sources owner)

Comment

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Research

In-text-citation

There are two types of in-text citations: direct and indirect. An indirect
quote summarises or paraphrases a point made by an author, without
copying their exact words. Use the author's name followed by the year of
publication and the page number. You can in-text reference either by
including the authors name as part of your sentence (author prominent)
or by providing all the relevant details, including the author's name, in
brackets at the end of the citation (information prominent).
Author prominent

Information prominent

Lomas (1988: 54) states that he

doubts the ability of our present
system of transportation to cope
with the next century's requirements.

At least one writer has expressed

doubts about the ability of our
transportation system to cope with
future needs (Lomas 1988: 54).

Your
Research

In-text-citation

A direct reference is a word for word quote of an author's work. Again, the
authors name, the year of publication and the page number are used.

Author prominent

Information prominent

Lomas (1988: 54) states that "it is

difficult to believe that Australia's
present transportation system will
be able to cope with the needs of
society in the 21st century".

Some sources assert that "it is difficult

to believe that Australia's present
transportation system will be able to
cope with the needs of society in the
21st century" (Lomas 1988: 54).

Your
Research

In-text-citation
More than one author

Where there are two

authors:

Where there are three

authors:

For more than three

authors:

Overall, popular support

for the welfare state
remained strong between
1985 and 1990 (Bean and
Papadakis 1998: 219)

Organisational decision
making involves decisions
that pertain to the problems
and practices of a given
organisation (Vecchio,
Hearn, and Southey 1996:
351).

The systems approach to

management attempts to
view the organisation as a
unified system composed of
interrelated parts (Stoner et
al. 1998: 54).

List the first named author

followed by 'et al.' which
means 'and others'. Note the
use of the full-stop after al.

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Research

In-text-citation
Types of authors

Two types of authors are personal and corporate. A personal author is where one
individual (or a group of individuals) are responsible for the work. Examples for
referencing personal authors can be seen above. Where an organisation, such as a
business, government department or institution, is responsible for authorship, this is
known as a corporate author.
(Department of Primary Industries
and Fisheries 1998: 17)

(Queensland University of
Technology 2005: 2)

No author or editor
Where there is no author, use the title of item formatted in italics, followed by the year of
publication and the page number. Two examples, one from a book and one from a
newspaper, are below:
An important consideration in
determining the appropriateness of a
recovery technique is the actual purity
requirement for the product (Separation
and Purification Techniques in
Biotechnology 1989: 17).

Privatisation of railways has been

successful in other Australian states
(Australian Financial Review 1997: 5).

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Research

In-text-citation
Types of authors

One author quoted in the work of another

The original author is quoted in text. In the reference list you must acknowledge the
original source was found in a secondary source i.e. if the words of West are quoted
in Thomson, West appears in the in text reference while Thomson appears in the
bibliography or reference list.
West (cited in Thomson 1970: 116) recommended that nursing education be
made an integral part of the provincial education.

If the author has written more than one work in the same year
If the author has written more than one work in the same year, then add a lower case a,
b, c, etc. to the date.
Neotetrazolium may preclude its use in routine measurements though it will
continue to have considerable value in studies on the effects of oxygen in different
cells (Butcher 1978a).

Your
Research

In-text-citation
Reference to an interview, email or conversation

Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in the

reference list, but must be referenced in text.

Ms Annie Schultz, Managing

Direct of ACL Industries,
stated in a personal
interview on April 21, 1999
that...

Ms Annie Schultz, Managing

Direct of ACL Industries,
stated that... (personal
interview, April 21, 1999).

In an interview I conducted
on April 21, 1999, Ms Annie
Schultz stated that...

Your
Research

In-text-citation
Citing material from the Internet

As with print media, information on the web is covered by copyright and

must be referenced. To reference material from the internet, use the
standard author/date/page number format. Where there is an author, the
full details of the site (including the URL) will be included in the reference
list or bibliography.
In-text reference:

Information prominent

It is commonly held that "one of the initial

reasons for introducing compulsory
voting in Australia is that it maintains a
high level of participation in elections"
(Evans 2006, 7).

Some sources assert that "it is difficult to

believe that Australia's present
transportation system will be able to
cope with the needs of society in the
21st century" (Lomas 1988: 54).

Your
Research

In-text-citation
Citing material from the Internet

Where there is no author, use the URL of the document, followed by the
year of publication (i.e. the year the page was last updated). Remember to
only use the URL in your in text citation where there is no author.
Aldolase is present in all animal and plant tissue (http://www.worthingtonbiochem.com/ALD/default.html 2004).

Where page numbers are not available, use the term "para" or the symbol
to acknowledge which paragraph your quote has come from.
(Myers 2000, 5)
(American Psychological Association 2003, Conclusion section, para. 1)

Your
Research

Verbs useful for integrating

Quotations, Summaries and
Paraphrases

agree

complain

emphasize

note

see

analyze

concede

explain

observe

show

argue

conclude

find

offer

speculate

ask

consider

grant

point out

state

assert

contend

illustrate

refute

suggest

believe

declare

imply

report

suppose

claim

deny

insist

reveal

think

comment

describe

maintain

say

write

Your
Research

You can also introduce the bibliographical

information in your text using parenthesis

If you use the authors name to introduce the material, give only the page number.

As Judith Fetterley notes, Emily, like Georgiana, is a man-made object (35).

If you do not use the authors name to introduce the source, put the name and page
number(s).

One critic points out that Emily, like Georgiana, is a man-made object (Fetterley 35).

If you cite another work by the same author elsewhere in the paper, use a title work
before the page number(s).

As Judith Fetterley notes, Emily, like Georgiana, is a man-made object (A Rose 35).

If you do not use the authors name to introduce your source and you cite another work
by the same author, use both name and title with the page number(s)

One critic points out that Emily, like Georgiana, is a man-made object (Fetterley, A
Rose 35).

Reference List
Audiovisual material, 09 August 2006, 26 August 2006, 06:26:45 p.m
<http://www.library.qut.edu.au/subjectpath/Harvard.jsp>
Baugh,LS 1995 How to Write Term Papers and Reports, VGM Career Horizons, USA
Harvard (author-date) style examples, 13 April 2006, 14 July 2006, 04:48:45 p.m.
<http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard.html>
Harvard Style Bibliographies and References, 3 August 2006, 26 August 2006, 06:54:44
p.m. <http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/training/referencing/harvard. htm#top>
Nogueira, S (coordinadora) 2005 Manual de Lectura y Escritura Universitarias:
Prcticas de Taller, 3ra edicin, Biblos, Buenos Aires [2003].
Quitman Troyka, L 1998 Quick Access, Reference for Writers, 2nd edition, Simon &
Schuster, New Jersey [1995].
Rosa, A and P Eschholz 1999 The Writers Brief Handbook, 3rd edition, Allyn and
Bacon, United States of America [1994].
Scribano, A 1999 Curso Introductorio al Proceso de Investigacin en Ciencias Sociales,
Centro Editor, Secretara de Ciencia y Tecnologa, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca,
Catamarca.
Sautu, R et al Manual de metodologa, 28 junio 2006, 08:52:23 p.m.
<http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/campus/metodo/metodo.html>

http://www.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~matsuoka/EngLit.html
List of E-text Archives
Famous Archives
Project Gutenberg
Search and Download Etexts
Etexts by Author
Etexts by Title
Bibliomania
Books On-Line
Electronic Text Center at UVA
Modern English Collection, The (University of Virginia)
On-line Books Page, The (CMU)
Oxford Text Archive
Project Bartleby at Columbia University

Others (Alphabetical Order)

Alex
Andrea's Literary Links
Arachne, a Great Books Server
ATHENA: AUTHORS & TEXTS
Auras of Virtual Reality
Author, Author!
B&R Samizdat Express
Bank of English, The
Banned Books On-line
BiblioBytes
Bobst Electronic Text Center, The (NYU)
Books and Libraries
Books.Com Electronic Library
Books in Progress

BookWire
Boson Books
British Poetry 1780-1910
Catalog of Projects in Electronic Texts (Georgetown)
Celebration of Women Writers, A
CETH
Christian Classics Ethereal Library
Clarkson
Classics at Internet Wiretap
CMU Library Repository CMU English Server
Complete Books in .ZIP Format
Data Text Library of Classic Literature, The
Digital Bookshop
Eastgate Systems

eBooks Online
Eden Etext Archive
Electronic Books Archive at Spinaltap (University of Minnesota)
Electronic Text Center at Penn State, The
Electronic Books in ASCII Text
Electronic Books, Magazines and Articles
Electronic Literature Index (Yahoo)
Electronic Texts (CCAT)
Electronic Texts (Florida Institute of Technology)
Electronic Texts and Interactive Platforms in American Literature
Electric Works Publishing

English Poetry Database

Eris Project (gopher)
ETEXT Archives
Etext Links Page
Etext Resources
Fiction at the English Server
FictionNet
Full Text Resources
First Books Library
From Now On, The Educational Technology Journal
Gigabooks Hand Binding Headquarters
GNA Meta-Library

Group 4: Literature
Hard Shell Word Factory
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
HTI Resources (University of Michigan)
Humanities Text Initiative
Hyperbooks Online Bookstore
Hyperizons: The Hypertext Fiction Homepage
Hypertext Classics
Internet Mall: Commercial Electronic Books, etc.
International WWW Electronic Library
Interplanetary Post Office

LitLinks: E-Text Archives

Internet Wiretap Collection
LeftJustified Publiks
Making of America
MEMEM Search (University of Virginia)
Most Complete Online Books on the Web, The
OmniMedia Electronic Books
Online Book Initiative (OBI) (ftp)
Online Originals
Online Text Collections of Western European Literature (Virginia)
Open Book Systems
Otis Index

Oxford Book of English Verse (1919) (Columbia)

Oxford English Dictionary Electronic Text Center
Penn Electronic Archive and Library
Perseus Project Project Libellus (ftp)
Prometheus Literary Database
Pulpless
Pyramid Publishing Project
Restoration Movement Texts
S. S. Publishing
Savanti Inc.
Silly Little Tomte Publications
TeleRead
Text & Book Archives
Text Archives (CCAT)

Text Project, The

Tymon's Try-B4-Buy Book Club
University of Virginia Electronic Text Library
UUNet Etext Archive (ftp)
VIPP Publishing
Voice of the Shuttle
Wiretap Archive
Women and Literature
Wordtheque
Wonderland
http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/
journal of postcolonial studies
http://www.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~matsuoka/EngLit.html

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