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characteristics
The solar irradiance on an object some distance D from the sun is found
by dividing the total power emitted from the sun by the surface area over
which the sunlight falls.
The total solar radiation emitted by the sun is given by T 4 multiplied by
the surface area of the sun (4R2sun) ,Rsun is the radius of the sun.
The surface area over which the power from the sun falls will be 4D 2. D
is the distance of the object from the sun.
Spectrum of Electromagnetic
Radiation
Solar Constant
DEFINITION
Other details
Spectral distribution
Diagram to be explained, plus other
details on this topic.
geometric relationship
The orbit of earth around the sun is
elliptical.
Thus, the distance between the earth and
the sun varies from time to time.
It is minimum (147.1 106 km) at winter
solstice on 21 December, and the point in
the orbit is known as perihelion.
It is maximum (152.1 106 km) at summer
solstice on 21 June, and the point in the
orbit is known as aphelion.
SOLSTICE
SUMMER SOLSTICE:
The first day of the Season of Summer.
On this day (JUNE 21 in the northern
hemisphere*) the Sun is farthest north and the
length of time between Sunrise and Sunset is
the longest of the year.
WINTER SOLSTICE:
The first day of the Season of Winter.
On this day (DECEMBER 22 in the northern
hemisphere*) the Sun is farthest south and the
length of time between Sunrise and Sunset is
the shortest of the year.
*In the southern hemisphere, winter and
summer solstices are exchanged.
Summer: December 22. Winter: June 21.
In Alaska the sun remains visible in the night sky around the time of the
summer solstice.
The polar regions are continually illuminated and there is 24-hour
daylight throughout the Arctic Circle.
This is down to a latitude 23 degrees from the pole, matching the
angle of Earth's tilt.
While the north enjoys constant daylight the opposite occurs at the
South Pole.
When the Northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun the Southern
changes
in the radiation flux
The changes in the distance
throughout the year lead to changes
in the radiation flux reaching the
earth from the sun;
the radiation flux varies inversely
with the square of the distance
estimation
The variation of the extraterrestrial
radiation with the time of the year
can be estimated using Equation
SOLAR ENERGY
RESOURCES
-------Solar angles--------
Latitude
Solar declination
Hour angle
Slope
Solar azimuth angle
Surface azimuth angle
Angle of incidence
Zenith angle
Solar altitude angle
LATITUDE
SOLAR DECLINATION
Solar declination
Hour angle
It is the angular displacement of
the sun, east or west of the local
meridian, due to rotation of the
earth on its axis at 15 per hour.
(morning negative and afternoon
positive)
SLOPE
The slope or tilt is the angle
between the plane of the surface
concerned and the horizontal.
Denoted by
Combined formula
Numerical
What is the angle of incidence at noon in
Mumbai for a horizontal plane on the 1 st
November at noon. (Take =19.1 )
Here, =0 (at noon =0),
=0 as the plane is horizontal
Thus, the terms that remain are:
Numerical
Cos () = Sin sin cos + cos cos cos cos
eq.1
From data we know that =19.1 (for mumbai).
=(-15.36) from following relation
AIR MASS
Air mass m is the path length of
radiation through the atmosphere.
m=1/cos
where is the angle from the vertical
(zenith angle).
When the sun is directly overhead, the
Air Mass is 1.
Beam radiation
The part of solar radiation that reaches the
earth without any change in direction is
called beam radiation. It is also known as
direct radiation.
Diffused radiation
The solar radiation received by the earth
after its direction gets changed because of
scattering in the atmosphere is known as
diffuse radiation.
Irradiance
The solar irradiance G is the rate at which
the radiant energy is incident on a unit
area of a surface. It is denoted in terms of
W/m2.
Insolation
The incident solar energy radiation (or
irradiation) is also termed as insolation.
While H is insolation for the day, I is the
insolation for a specific time period,
usually one hour. H and I are expressed
in W-hr/m2/day and W-hr/m2/hr,
respectively.