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VISION SCIENCE
Eyeball
Refractive system
the basic conditions of clear vision:
1. transparence
2. Imaging on fovea
Refractive system
Refractive system
Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous
Refraction the process of imaging on
retina that lights enter eye through
refractive system
Schematic eye
Refractive system
Reduced eye
Imaging of retina
reverse imaging
Emmetropia
Accommodation
Accommodation
the capability that eyes change refractive
condition in order to acquire clear
near sight
Accommodation
Helmhotz accommodation mechanism
See near
accommodation
See near
accommodation
Accommodation
punctum remotum
Static refraction
Dynamic refraction
Accommodation
Ametropia
classification
myopia
hyperopia
astigmatism
Myopia
Myopia classification
Function
Simple myopia
Pathologic myopia
Degree
mild < -3.00D
middle: -3.00D~-6.00D
severe: > -6.00D
Accommodation
Refractive factor
Axis myopia
Refractive myopia
Pseudomyopia
(accommodative myopia)
nonaccommodative myopia
Mixed myopia
Myopia
Clinical manifestation
Asthenopia
Myopia
Myopia
Myopia
Complications
Disorder of vitreous body
Retinal detachment
glaucoma
cataract
Myopia
Treatment
Spectacles: concave lens
contact lens
Refractive operation
Treatment of complications
Myopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Refractive factor
Axis hyperopia
Refractive hyperopia
Degree
Hyperopia
Clinical manisfestation
sight
Asthenopia
Esotropia
Pathological change
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Regulation
Irregular astigmatism
Regular astigmatism
Regular astigmatism
astigmatism with rule
strong refractive-power meridian : 90 20
astigmatism against rule
strong refractive-power meridian : 18020
oblique astigmatism
axis: 45or 13520
Astigmatism
Classification on refraction
Simple hyperopic astigmatism SHA)
Compound hyperopic astigmatism CHA)
Simple myopic astigmatism SMA)
Compound myopic astigmatism CMA)
Mixed astigmatism MA)
Astigmatism
Clinical manifestation
diminution of vision
asthenopia
correction
Preventing overcorrection
Anisometropia
Clinical presentation
Asthenopia
alternative fixation
amblyopia
Presbyopia
Presbyopia the decrease of physiological
accommodation with aging
cause
Crystal sclerosis decreased elasticity
Decreased Ciliaris contraction
late enlargement of lens
Presbyopia
Clinical presentation
Difficulty in reading or working in a short distance
Read in bright light
asthenopia
Accommodation delay
Extraocular
muscles
Extraocular muscles
Extraocular muscles
Roles of Extraocular muscles
Main Action
Secondary Action
Medial rectus
Pronation
Lateral rectus
Extorsion
Superior rectus
Superior Turning
Inferior rectus
Inferior Turning
Extraocular muscles
Synergist the same eye
antagonist the same eye
Yoke muscles double eyes
Strabismus
Strabism: both eyes cant be fixed on the target
simultaneously and the optic axes are divergent.
one eye is fixing on the target and the other eye is
deviating from it.
Classification
Comitant strabismus
Non-concomitant strabismus
Special strabismus
Check of strabismus
History
Sight and refraction
mydriasis and refraction
Quantu determination
Corneal light reflection test
triangular prism and cover test
Divergence of eye
compensatory head position
Arc perimetry
ocular movement
synoptophore
Check of strabismus
Comitant strabismus
Direction
accommodation
Concomitant esotropia
Accommodation esotropia
Concomitant exotropia
Period
Heterophoria
Heterotropia
Secondary
Constancy strabismus
Paralysis compensation
Alternating strabismus
Postoperation
intermittent strabismus
perception
Comitant strabismus
Therapeutics
Correction of refractive errors
Amblyopia discipline
Position discipline
operation
Non-concomitant strabismus
Etiological factor
congenital
aquired trauma,inflammation, vascular disease,
tumor, Metabolic disease
Physical eyeball motor disturbance
Non-concomitant strabismus
clinical situation
Diplopia and Vertigo
Compensatory head position
Divergence of eye position
Limitation of motion
2nd angle of strabismus >1st angle of strabismus
Non-concomitant strabismus
Therapeutics
etiological factor
Drug
triangular prism
operation
Non-concomitant strabismus
Comitant strabismus
Any age
< 5 years
unknown
No significant
ocular
movement
limited
normal
Strabism
angle
Amblyopia
Amblyopia
Amblyopia
the visual development dysfunction of single/
double eye(s) because of insufficiency of
visual stimulation into eye(s) form
deprivation , and (or) difference between
double eyes vision import which causes
competition inhibition on the key period of
visual development .
BCVA 0.8
Amblyopia
Classification and causes
Degree
strabismic amblyopia
slight
Anisometropic amblyopia
middle
ametropic amblyopia
form deprivation amblyopia
Other causes
severe
BCVA: 0.1
Amblyopia
Clinical situation
Poor vision
Crowding phenomenon
Abnormal fixation
PVEP abnormality
Disfunction of binocular single vision
Elimination of other visual disfunction
Amblyopia
Therapeutics
correction of refractive errors
amblyopia exercise