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COORDINATION
- a small overview
S. POORNIMA, RESEARCH
SCHOLAR
Why Insulation
Coordination?
INSULATION
COORDINATION (IC)
DEFINITION
IC ensures
Insulation provided shall withstand all normal
working stresses and a majority of abnormal
stresses
The efficient discharge of overvoltages due to
internal and external causes
Breakdown shall occur only due to external
flashover.
The position at which breakdown occurs shall
be those where breakdown may cause no or
comparatively little damage
IC involves
Selection
of
Basic
Impulse
Insulation level and insulation levels
of other equipment
Selection of lightning arrestors
Terms used in IC
Impulse flash over voltage:The voltage which will cause flash over of an
Insulation When subjected to a 1.2x50s impulse
British standards - 1x50s
American standards - 1.5 x 40s
Terms used in IC
Basic Insulation level :The crest voltage of standard wave that will not
cause flashover of the insulation is referred to as
Basic insulation level
Basic impulse insulation voltages are reference
levels expressed in impulse crest voltage with a
standard wave not longer than 1.2x50 s (Indian
standards)
Equipment insulation as tested shall be equal or
above the BIL
A) LINE INSULATION
Extra high voltage line can be made lightning proof by
Efficient shielding
Transmission lines up to 220kV
400 kV at and above
30
20
Switching
Surge flash
over
220kV
6.5 Vpn
3.0
400kV
3.3
5.0 Vpn
Vpn = Phase to Neutral Voltage (rms)
Add one or two more Insulators for each string.
DRY
WET
Impulse FOV
FOV
FOV
(Standard full wave)
( kV rms) ( kV rms) ( kV rms)
540
590
785
830
1280
435
375
415
565
600
900
295
860
945
1265
1345
2145
695
RECOMMENDED INSULATION
LEVEL OF LINE
Normal Vpn
Switching over No of
system In kV
volt. (Wet) kV * discs
Voltage (Vph/3)
required
132kV 76
76 x6.5=495
5
220kV 127
127x6.5=825 9
400kV 231
231x5=1755
13
* Compared with Impulse FOV (Value)
RECOMMENDED INSULATION
LEVEL OF LINEcontd.
Normal
system
Voltage
Vpn
In kV
Power freq.
over volt
(wet)
(kVrms)
132kV
76
76x3=228
9/10
220kV
127
127x3=381
10
11
13/14
400kV
231
231x3=762
20
22
23/24
Example
Tower footing resistance 10ohms
severest lightning discharge 50kA (rms)
Impulse strength of Insulation=2x50x10x10=700kV
As per the standard table for 7 discs, the impulse FOV
( kVp =695kVp)
For better performance tower footing resistance shall be
brought down for 132kV is 7 ohms
Co-ordination of line
Insulation and Sub-Station
Insulation
Nominal
system
volt kV
(rms)
Highest
system
volt kV
(rms)
Impulse withstand
volt kVp for test
132 kV
220 kV
400 kV
145
245
420
650
1050
Full
Reduced Full
Reduced
insulation insulation insulation insulation
550
900
1550
275
460
230
395
680
1425
630
Reduced insulation is used where system is effectively earthed.
B) INSULATION LEVELS OF
EQUIPMENT
Transformers,
Isolators,
Instrument
Transformers are manufactured for the
standard Insulation level.
Some
times
transformers,
are
manufactured for one step lower insulation
level for the sake of economy. (LAs will be
designed for a still lower level)
Where LAs are provided right on the top of
the transformer, some of the equipment may
lie well out side the protective zone of the LA.
INSULATION LEVELS OF
EQUIPMENT
Protective zone is determined based on
With stand level of equipment
Discharge volt of LA
Distance between LA and equipment.
Such equipment shall be designed for one step higher BIL.
Generally BIL of substation equipment other than
transformer are designed for10% higher BIL than that of
Transformer .
c) Lightning Arrester
selection
1. To determine the magnitude of the power frequency phase to ground voltage
expected at the proposed arrester location during phase to ground fault, or
other abnormal conditions which cause higher voltages to ground than normal.
2. To make a tentative selection of the power frequency voltage rating of the
arrester. This selection may have to be reconsidered after step (6) is completed.
3. To select the impulse current likely to be discharged through the arrester.
4. To determine the maximum arrester discharge voltage for the impulse current
and type of arrester selected.
5. To establish the full-wave impulse voltage withstand level of the equipment to
be protected.
6. To make certain that the maximum arrester discharge voltage is below the full
wave impulse, withstand level of the equipment insulation to be protected, by
adequate margin.
7. To establish the separation limit between the arrester and the equipment to be
protected.
INSULATION COORDINATION
Over Voltage
Co-efficient of earthing :
80%
- 100 %
2(1025000)-649000
= 3100 Amps
450
The LAs normally in 200 kV and 400kV system have a discharge
current rating of 10 kA.
Step 6:Protective
margin of LA
Protective margin of LA =
BIL of the equipment - maximum discharge voltage of LA
132
220
145
245
120/132
198/216
400
420
336
Step 7:Establishment of
Separation Limit
When arrestor are to be located away from equipment, additional voltage
components will be added which instantaneously increased to arrestor discharge
volrage.
Voltage imposed on the equipment may rise due to
A traveling wave coming into the station is limited at the arrestor location to
the discharge voltage of the arrestor.
If a wave with the same rate of voltage rise and a magnitude equal to discharge
voltage travels on the station terminus where it reflects to the twice value if the
line dead ends or almost teice its value when it terminates with a transformer
Any difference in ground potential between the apparatus ground and arrestor
ground - uses 1 to interconnect the grounds normally
Presence of multiple lines on station busbars
Proximity to transformer or breakers.
- Transformer is most expensive price.
- Repair to transformer is costly and
Location of Lightning
Arresters
The electrical circuit length between L.A. and the
transformer bushing terminal (inclusive of lead length in
metes for effectively earthed) should not exceed the
limits given below:
Rated syst.
voltage KV
BIL KV
Peak
Max.
distance
132kV
550
650
35.0
45.0
220kV
400kV
900/1050
1425/1550
Closer
to
Trans.
Insulation Co-ordination
Scheme
For 220 KV system.
L.A. Voltage rating=system highest voltage x co-efficient of earthing
=245x.8=196Kv.
Selecting standard rating from Table 12.1 column 1,L.A. voltage rating=198
Kv
Discharge current rating= 10KA (assumed)
Residual voltage, from standard table,=649Kv (peak)
Protection level of the L.A. =649x1.1=714Kv
For a margin of 20% between the B.I.L. and the protection level of L.A., the
B.I.L. should be =714x1.2=857Kv.
Choose BIL from standard Table=900 Kv,
The corresponding power freq. I minute test voltage =395kv
Switching surge flashover voltage =220 x6.5=825kv
3
Check it is less than B.I.L. of 900kv.
Power frequency over voltage=220x3=228kv rms
3
This is less than 395kv.
B.I.L. of CBs, instrument transformer, busbars etc,.=900x1.1=990kv.
Choose standard B.I.L for disconnect switches.=1175kv.
Suggest a method :
Reference
A Text Book on Power System Engineering by M L
Soni, A Chakrabarti, P V Gupta and U S Bhatnagar
Substation equipment & operation by Satnam & P V
Gupta