What is

?
is an engineering discipline branching from
civil engineering that involves the
planning, design, construction, operation,
and maintenance of roads, bridges, and
tunnels to ensure safe and effective
transportation of people and goods

Highways in the Philippines

-Trails, waterways, railroad, earth road, and
partially graveled roads.
- American government initiated the
development of roadways, Macadam road
type
- Continued the rehabilitation and
construction of roads and bridges
- Japanese and US
- 50 yrs. after, major highways and
govt
expressways were constructed through the
of foreign banks
-support
Land Transportation
records
- DPWH must open 400 km roads every
-year
Year 1960 to early part of 1980,
-automobile
Get the farmers
age out of the mud
- this nation is on wheels

Planning Difficulties
-

Financia
The present economic is related to the govt
l budgetary expenditures for payment of
foreign debt and highway developments
plans are shelves temporarily for lack of
funds

Comprehensive road development plans

Political

that are carefully studied by technical

expert are twisted or flexed down by
- political muscles
Because of political decisions technical
Technical
seems to have lost confidence to thyself, or
even the solution that they offer

Highway Programming
There are three inseparable sets of inputs:
Economic deals with the questions of resources
Financial who pays and who spends, how much,
and where?
Political and Administration involves decision
Direct effect of Highway Construction
making
and
its Use Market Value
Quantifiable
1. Cost of highways as to:
a. planning cost
b. right of way appropriations
c. construction cost
d. maintenance cost
e. operating cost

Quantifiable Market Value

2. cost benefits to highway users
a. vehicles operating cost
b. travel savings time
c. motorists safety
Non-Quantifiable Market Value
1. cost benefit to highway user:
a. motorists safety
b. comfort and conversion
c. aesthetic from driving
viewpoint
Quantifiable Non-Market Value
1. cost benefit to highway usertraveling saving
time

Community Involvement
-Highway agencies conduct public hearings

to afford interested persons an opportunity to

include in the process.

if substantial amounts of right of way are required

if there is substantial change in the layout of
connecting roadways or the facility being improved.
if there is a substantial adverse effect on abutting
property
if there property otherwise has significant social,
economic, or environmental effects.

Highway Economy
The intent of expenditures for highways
and public transportations are
as the
follows:
1.enumerated
To supplement
countrys level of economy

2. To provide easy access to working place

3. To facilitate public services; police, fire protection,
etc.
4. To facilitate medical care, schooling and delivery
of related basic services.
5. To give land owner benefits to transportation and
increase property assessment.
6. Benefit to motor vehicle users through lower cost
of operation and maintenance.
7. Benefit in time saving.
8. Less road accident.
9. To give maximum comfort and ease of travel.

Arguments of those who Favors Borrowing

are:
1.The need is immediate to have instant infra.
2. No impact project will be seen because the pay
as you go fund is scattered throughout the entire
road system where the situation is most critical.
3. Borrowings encourage investors because of fast
Counter Arguments of those against Financing
progress.
Infra. Through Borrowing are:
1.Borrowing may impair the credit rating of govt.
agencies obstructing other more important
improvements.
2. If future income is committed to pay past
improvements, no more funds available to maintain
the existing system.
3. With much amount available temptation is there
to overbuild and recklessly spend extravagantly.

Location of a Proposed Highway

Locations surveys in the rural areas are
divided into four stages:
Stage I Reconnaissance survey of the
entire area
Stage II Reconnaissance survey of feasible
route
Stage III Preliminary survey of the best
route
Stage IV Location survey

Highway Plans and Specification

-are set of documents of instructions and
conditions under which highways and bridges are
built.
The complete detailed scheme(plan) for the
road which are incorporated in the
geometric designs are:
1.Traffic
2. Drainage
3. Erosion control
4. Roadside Development
5. Structure
6. Soils
7. Pavement

The
Requiring knowledge of the law of contracts
Specifications
as well as highway practices and
experiences.
Highway specifications is divided into two:

1.Standard Specifications applies to project

implemented by administration which treat
the subject that repeatedly occurs in the
agency work.
2.Special Provision covers peculiar item of
the project in question that include
additional modification to standard specs.
This includes copies of all documents
required in securing competitive bids and