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Network Concepts

Introduction to Networking
Network Concepts
 The Network Model

 Network Topology and Standards

 Network Protocols

 Communications Medium

 Network Hardware

 Planning and Operations

 Troubleshooting
The Network Model
How does the network interact?

Workgroup/Peer Model Client/Server Model


100% workstations 1 or more servers
Any OS Network Operating System (NOS)
Decentralized Centralized management
Easy install Difficult to install and maintain
Inexpensive High cost
10 workstations max Unlimited expansion
Low/No security Authentication/Security Features
OSI Model
Application
 Access to network services
 General network access
 Data transmission
 Error and status information
Presentation
 Converts messages
 Protocol conversion
 Data encryption/decryption
 Graphics commands
 Redirector software
OSI Model
Session
 Session setup
 Data exchanges
 Session teardown
 Security
 Keeps connection active
Transport
 Flow control of data
 Segments streams of data
into packets
 Error checking - ACK
 Request retransmission of
erroneous data
OSI Model
Network
 Addresses messages
 Translates logical -> physical
 Routes data transmission - MAC
 Packet switching
 Data routing
 Network congestion control

Data Link
 Packages raw data into data
frames

Physical
 Bits -> signals
 Signals -> bits
 Manages hardware interface
IEEE 802 Standards
Category Description
802.1 Internetworking
802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)
802.3 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access w/ Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) LANs (Ethernet)
802.4 Token Bus LAN
802.5 Token Ring LAN
802.6 MAN
802.7 Broadband
802.8 Fiber Optic
802.9 Integrated Voice and Data Networks
802.10 Network Security
802.11, Wireless Networks
802.11b
802.12 Demand Priority Access LAN, 100 VG-AnyLAN
Network Protocols
The format and procedure that governs the transmitting and
receiving of data in a network.

 IP
 Internet Protocol

 IPX
 Internetwork Packet
Exchange

 NetBEUI
 NetBIOS Extended User
Interface
Transport Protocols
A communications protocol responsible for establishing a connection
and ensuring that all data has arrived safely. It is defined in layer 4 of
the OSI model. Often, the term transport protocol implies transport
services, which includes the lower-level data link protocol that moves
packets from one node to another.
 NetBIOS/NetBEUI
 Network Basic Input/Output
System
 NetBIOS Extended User Interface

 SPX/NWLink
 Sequenced Packet Exchange

 TCP
 Transmission Control Protocol
Application Protocols
A set of rules and formats (semantic and syntactic) that determines
the communication behavior of application entities in the
performance of application functions.
 FTP
 File Transfer Protocol
 NCP
 NetWare Core Protocol
 NFS
 Network File System
 SMB
 Server Message Block
 SMTP
 Simple Mail Transport Protocol
 SNMP
 Simple Network Management Protocol
Communications Medium - Cable
Category Cable Type Application
RG-58 10Base2 Coaxial 10Mbps data
Cat 1 UTP Analog voice
Cat 2 UTP Digital voice
Cat 3 UTP/STP 16Mbps data
Cat 4 UTP/STP 20Mbps data
Cat 5 UTP/STP 100Mbps data
Cat 6 UTP/STP 155Mbps data
(proprietary)
Cat 7 UTP/STP 1000Mbps data
(proprietary)
Network Topology and Standards
Hardware connection method and layout

 Star
• Connected by branches to central device
• Central device controls communication
• Synchronized activity with polling cycles
 Bus
• Nodes connected to central media
• Broadcast mode = Data collisions
 Ring
• Media forms a closed loop
• Node checks data as it passes
• Repeaters regenerate messages
Network Hardware
Network Adapters
Hubs
• passive
• intelligent
• switching
Switches

Routers/Brouters

Connection Points

Residential Gateways
Planning and Maintenance
Considerations:
 Cost
 Location/Distance
 Potential Growth
 Security and Reliability
 Disaster Recovery
Troubleshooting – Hardware
Hardware Issues:
 Compatibility
 Drivers
 Bottlenecks (CPU, RAM)
 System Resources (IRQ,
I/O)

Software Issues:
 Incorrect Configuration
 Access Rights
 Collisions
 Protocol mismatch

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