Seminar on Earthquake Risk Management PWD

Dungarpur Rajasthan

EARTHQUAKE RISK MANAGEMENT AND

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

Dr. Ajay Sharma,

Associate Professor
B.E. (Hons.), M.E. (Structural Engg.),
Ph.D. IIT Bombay(Earthquake Engg.)
Department of Structural Engineering,
MBM Engineering College Jodhpur

World Earthquake Fault Lines

www.forceborne.com/FBW/Tech/fault_line_chart.htm

Earthquakes

What do Structural
Engineers
do?
Structural engineering's combine their

knowledge
of science and design making as they
construct
better framework for buildings and other
structures
to safely resist natural and
made-made forces.
They are involved in physical
testing, mathematical modeling,
computer simulation all of
which support decisions that
http://www.seaint.org /
http://cee-ux49.cee.uiuc.edu/strweb/home.html
Aid in the creation and maintenance
www.earthscience.org/.../geopro/seismic/seismic.html

What is Earthquake
Engineering?
Earthquake engineers are
concerned with creating
earthquakes resistant designs
and construction techniques
to build of all kinds
of bridges, roads and buildings.
Earthquake engineers are faced
with many uncertainties and
must be smart in their
decisions in developing safe
solutions to challenging
problems. They rely on stateof-the-art technology,
materials science, laboratory
testing and field monitoring.

www.sciencedaily.com

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2006/01/18_resumption.shtml

Northridge Earthquake Southern California 1994

Kobe Earthquake Japan 1995

6.9 Magnitude

Homes and building construction was older built with heavy tile roofs that
collapsed

http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html

http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html

Another anomaly was the large number of about 20-year-old high rise
buildings that collapsed at the fifth floor. The older version of the code
they were built under allowed a weaker superstructure beginning at
the fifth floor.

http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html

Behind this completely collapsed wood-frame house is a house of reinforced concrete that suffered no
structural damage. The number of wood versus masonry buildings that collapsed in Kobe astonished
most observers, as wood-frame structures are usually thought to be much better at resisting shear
forces. Possibly the concrete house was better-designed and stronger even for its greater weight. The
proportionally heavier tile roofs on wooden houses also might have been a factor.

http://www.niksula.hut.fi/~haa/kobe.html

http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/15/020/quake/disaster/d-index_e.html

Mexico City Earthquake,

1985
8.1 Magnitude

Poorly constructed buildings caused thousands of deaths

http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqshow/647003_06.htm

Damage to the Intercontinental Hotel during Mexico City's 1985 earthquake was severe
even though the building was relatively new
http://www.calstatela.edu/dept/geology/G351.htm

Northridge Earthquake, 1994

Southern California, USA
6.7 Magnitude

most houses were wooden and did notwww.survival1.com/

collapse

Problems for Building Structures when Seismic Waves pass

For tall buildings the top may sway in the opposite direction as the base
Buildings in close proximity with one another may collide do to differing phase motions.
Changing types of wave motion cause damage.
Buildings with different resonant frequencies will be affected differently by passing seismic waves
depending on the wave frequency.

http://www.mines.utah.edu/~schuster/gg103/res/resonance.html

http://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/nature/earthquake_images.htm

Loma Prieta Earthquake, 1989

San Francisco Bay, California
7.1 magnitude

Many homes were damaged because of

old construction- unreinforced bricks and

mortar
Many building and homes were built on
were unconsolidated flood plain
sedimentary land (In contrast, nearby
sections of the city experienced only minor
damage. These areas contain sturdy wood
frame houses built on relatively stable
marine terraces.)

http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/fieldtripEarthQ/Damage2.html

As the second story of this building collapsed, its facade fell into the street, knocking down the tree
which in turn damaged the car. This building in downtown was one of the heavily damaged
buildings situated on the unconsolidated flood plain sediments of the San Lorenzo River.

http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/

An automobile lies crushed under the third story of this apartment building in the
Marina District. The ground levels are no longer visible because of structural failure
and sinking due to liquefaction

http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/

Collapsed brickwork from a corner apartment building, Marina District.

 http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/

Oakland Support failure

http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/

Oakland Bridge failure

http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/

http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/

http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/

Bhuj Earthquake, 2001

Gujrat, India
7.7 magnitude

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WHAT A EARTHQUAKE CAN DO TO OUR ASSETS

Earthquake is sudden shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth
resulting from underground movement along a fault plane of from
volcanic activity a disturbance that is extremely disruptive.

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Damage of buildings (Photos from Hokkaido Journal)

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Damage of Oil Tank

(Photos from Hokkaido Journal)

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Damage of roads
(Photos from Hokkaido Journal)
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Damage of Lifeline structures

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SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN

First way to design Traditionally Seismic Resistant (e.g., adding structural
components to resist horizontal Load like shear wall, braced frames etc.,
shape of plan etc.) Sufficiently strong, stiff to withstand inelastic
deformations, Motif is to have inherent strength to Dissipate seismic
energy up to certain level of Acceptable deformation and damage.
Disadvantages
Large interstory drift
Localized damages to structural components and secondary systems
Strengthening further attracts more earthquake forces

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Indias Vulnerability to
Disasters
57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of

these, 12% is vulnerable to severe

earthquakes.
68% land is vulnerable to drought.
12% land is vulnerable to floods.
8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.
Apart from natural disasters, some cities in
India are also vulnerable to chemical and
industrial disasters and man-made
disasters.

Seismic Activity in India

180 AD - 2004

Distribution of epicenters of earthquakes greater than magnitude 5.0

for the period 1976-2000, South East Asia and Indian Ocean

Areas
of
Concern
Activating an Early Warning System network
and its close monitoring
Mechanisms for integrating the scientific,
technological and administrative agencies
for effective disaster management
Terrestrial communication links which
collapse in the event of a rapid onset
disaster
Vulnerability of critical infrastructures
(power supply, communication, water
supply, transport, etc.) to disaster events

Areas
of
Concern
Funding : Primacy of relief as disaster response.
Preparedness and Mitigation very often ignored.
Lack of integrated efforts to collect and compile

data, information and local knowledge on

disaster history and traditional response
patterns.
Need for standardised efforts in compiling and
interpreting geo-spatial data, satellite imagery
and early warning signals.
Weak areas continue to be forecasting,
modelling, risk prediction, simulation and
scenario analysis, etc.

Areas of Concern
Absence of a national level, state level, and

district level directory of experts and inventory

of resources.
Absence of a National Disaster Management
Plan, and State level and district level disaster
management plans.
Sustainability of efforts
Effective Inter Agency Co-ordination and
Standard Operating Procedures for stakeholder
groups, especially critical first responder
agencies.
Emergency medicine, critical care medicine,
triage, first aid

Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management

1.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Floods : Ministry of Water Resources, CWC

Cyclones : Indian Meteorological Department
Earthquakes : Indian Meteorological Department
Epidemics : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Avian Flu: Ministry of Health, Ministry of
Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal
Husbandry
Chemical Disasters : Ministry of Environment and
Forests
Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labour
Rail Accidents : Ministry of Railways
Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation
Fire : Ministry of Home Affairs
Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy
Mine Disasters : Department of Mines

Dynamics of Disasters
There is a high probability of a low

probability event happening somewhere

sometime soon
The unpredictability of disaster events and
the high risk and vulnerability profiles
make it imperative to strengthen disaster
preparedness, mitigation and enforcement
of guidelines, building codes and
restrictions on construction of buildings in
flood-prone areas and storm surge prone
coastal areas.

New Directions for Disaster

Management in India
The National Disaster Management

Authority (NDMA) has been set up as the

apex body for Disaster Management in
India, with the Prime Minister as its
Chairman.
Disaster Management Authorities will be
set up at the State and District Levels to be
headed by the Chief Ministers and
Collectors/Zilla Parishad Chairmen
respectively.

New Directions for Disaster

Management in India
A National Disaster Mitigation Fund will be

administerd by NDMA. States and districts will

administer mitigation funds.
A National Disaster Response Fund will be
administerd by NDMA through the National
Executive Committee. States and Districts will
administer state Disaster Response Fund and
Disaster Response Fund respectively.
8 Battalions of National Disaster Response Force
(NDRF) are being trained and deployed with CSSR
and MFR equipments and tools in eight strategic
locations.
A National Disaster Management Policy and
National Disaster Response Plan will also be
drawn up.

Lessons Learnt
Be Prepared : Preparedness and Mitigation is

bound to yield more effective returns than

distributing relief after a disaster.
Create a Culture of Preparedness and
Prevention.
Evolve a code of conduct for all stake-holders

Future Directions
Encourage and consolidate knowledge

networks
Mobilise and train disaster volunteers for
more effective preparedness, mitigation and
response (NSS, NCC, Scouts and Guides, NYK,
Civil Defence, Homeguards)
Increased capacity building leads to faster
vulnerability reduction.
Learn from best practices in disaster
preparedness, mitigation and disaster
response

Future Directions

Mobilising stakeholder participation of Self

Help Groups, Womens Groups, Youth

Groups, Panchayati Raj Institutions
Anticipatory Governance: Simulation
exercises, Mock drills and Scenario Analysis
Indigenous knowledge systems and coping
practices
Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster
Risk Management
Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive,
child friendly, eco-friendly and disabled
friendly disaster management
Technology driven but people owned
Knowledge Management: Documentation
and dissemination of good practices

Invest
in
Preparedness
Investments in Preparedness and Prevention
(Mitigation) will yield sustainable results, rather
than spending money on relief after a disaster.
Most disasters are predictable, especially in their
seasonality and the disaster-prone areas which are
vulnerable.
Communities must be involved in disaster
preparedness.

Best
Practices

On 12 November, 1970 a major cyclone hit

the coastal belt of Bangladesh at 223 km/hr.

with a storm surge of six to nine meters
height, killing an estimated 500,000 people.
Due to the Cyclone Preparedness Program,
the April 1991 cyclone with wind speed of 225
km/hr. killed only 138,000 people even though
the coastal population had doubled by that
time.
In May 1994, in a similar cyclone with a wind
speed of 250 km/hr. only 127 people lost their
lives.
In May 1997, in a cyclone with wind speed of
200 km/hr. only 111 people lost their lives.

New possibilities
National Urban Renewal Mission for 70

cities: recent experience of

unprecedented extreme weather
conditions in a few major metros and
megacities
100,000 Rural Knowledge Centres
( IT Kiosks): Need for Spatial e-Governance
for informed decision making in disasterprone areas: before, during and after
disasters

SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN

Second way is applying additional structural control-passive,
active or semi-active, objective is to control structural response
by either reduce the amount of energy transfer into the
structure from the ground motion or to absorb some of the
earthquake energy after it has been transmitted to the structure.

Structural Control

Passive Control
Active control
Semiactive Control
Hybrid Control

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Earthquake-Resistant
Structure

Building designed to prevent total collapse, preserve life, and

minimize damage

http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/getpkg?id=GoddenD50-69
http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_quake.ht
m

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Structural Control
PASSIVE CONTROL
No Power requirement, Very reliable, dissipate energy either by structures own
relative motion within control devices or converting kinetic energy into heat.
Low maintenance, do not destabilize structure
Types
Base Isolation
TMDs, TLDs
Metallic Yield Dampers
Viscous Fluid and Friction Dampers

Animation of Seismic Isolation System.flv

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Base-Isolation
Decouple the Superstructure from Ground with or

without Flexible

Mounting
Period of the total System is Elongated
A Damper- Energy Dissipating Device provided at the Base Mountings
Rigid under Wind or Minor Earthquake
Advantages of Base Isolation

-Reduced floor Acceleration and Inter-storey Drift

-Less (or no) Damage to Structural Members
-Better Protection of Secondary Systems
-Prediction of Response is more Reliable and Economical
LRB, NZ, FPS, R-FBI, VFPS, VFPI, VCFPS etc. are some common type of
isolators

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Isolation Bearings
Elastomeric Bearings

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Lead-Rubber Bearings

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Friction Pendulum System

Friction Pendulum Bearing

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Base Isolation System Dampers

Oil damper
Steel damper

Lead damper

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Friction damper with Coned disc springs

The Concept of Base Isolation

Response

Fixed Base

Period

Significantly Increase
the Period of the
Structure and the
Damping so that the
Response is
Significantly Reduced
During a Richter 8.0
Earthquake a Seismically
Isolated Building Will
Behave as if it Were
Experiencing a 5.5
Earthquake
Base Isolated
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Location: Rancho Cucamonga

California.
Isolator :HDR
Engineers: Taylor & Gaines;
Reid & Tarics.
Year :1985
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The Washington State Emergency Operations Center at Camp

Murray is an essential facility used for the central coordination
of emergency responses for the State of Washington. The
building houses critical communications and computer
equipment. The Friction Pendulum TM seismic isolation
bearings were designed to enable the building to withstand
the maximum credible earthquake for the Seattle region. The
building is located 8 miles from the epicenter of the
Magnitude 6.8 earthquake that shook the Seattle region on
February 28, 2001. The building and all its equipment and
contents remained fully operational after the earthquake.

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Location: Los Angeles,

California.
Isolator : LRB
Engineers: KPFF
Year :1991
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Location: Sendai,
Miyako Provience
Isolator :HDR
Year :1990

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The U.S. Court of Appeals is a 350,000 sq. ft. building

listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The
building has an elaborate granite exterior and interiors
of marble, decorative plaster and hardwoods.
Installation of 256 Friction Pendulum TM bearings
completed in June 1994, it became the largest building
in the world to have been retrofitted with seismic
isolators.
.

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Location: 1 k.m. SW of
Pelabuhan
Building : 4-Story
MR RCC.
Isolator : 16 HDR
Manufacturer: MRPRA,
UK

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LNG storage tanks

Capacity: 38 million gallons
(226 ft dia. x 106 ft. high)

Revithoussa, Athens
212 Friction Pendulum TM
bearings.
The largest and heaviest tanks
in the world to use seismic
isolation

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The American River Bridge

& installed friction
pendulum bearing

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I-40 Mississippi River Bridge

Memphis, Tennessee

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ACTIVE CONTROL
Requires External power to operate Actuators that supply control.
Directly add the force to system, Usually require large external power
source to operate.
Use responses of the structure such as displacement, velocity and
acceleration to calculated needed forces
Require sensors and real-time data processing system
More complicate than passive control force to structures.
Active mass Dampers

Active mass damper

- Provides force by moving the mass with suitable acceleration
-

May activate the higher modes of structures and make more

damage

Hydraulic actuator
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Semi-active control

Required small external power source

Use structures movement to generate control force
Stiffness and damping can be easily changed
Required sensors and data processor to calculate

control force
Defaults to a passive device when no power is
available
Example of a semi-active device (MR-Damper)

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MR
Dampers

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Hybrid control
Combine controls system together
Passive + Active
Passive + Semi-Active

Smart base-isolation

Reduce external power requirement

Improve reliability
When loss of electric during earthquake, hybrid
control can act as a passive control
Reduce construction and maintenance costs

due to active or semi-active

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Thank you
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