Work in the 21st Century: An

Introduction to Industrial and

Organizational Psychology
(4th Edition)
by Frank J. Landy &
Jeffrey M. Conte

Work in the 21st Century

Chapter 1
What is
Industrial and Organizational
Psychology?

Module 1.1:
Fundamentals of I-O Psychology
Importance of I-O psychology
Importance of work in peoples lives

What is I-O psychology?

The application of psychological principles,
theory, and research to the work setting.

Fundamentals of
I-O Psychology (contd)
SIOP (Division 14 of APA)
Fields of I-O Psychology
Personnel psychology
Organizational psychology
Human engineering

Relatively New Topics of

Interest to I-O Psychology
Building sustainable and environmentally conscious organizations
I-O psychologists can guide organizations in measuring their eco-benefits
and in promoting these benefits along with individual, team, and
organizational performance.

Humanitarian work psychology (HWP): the application of I-O

psychology to humanitarian arena, especially poverty reduction and
promotion of decent work, aligned with local stakeholders needs,
and in partnership with global aid/development groups.
Led by New Zealand I-O psychologist Stuart Carr, initial work in this field
shows that I-O psychologists can make a difference in some of the major
global problems of the 21st century.
5

SIOP as a Resource
www.siop.org

History of I-O psychology

Membership information (including students)
Quarterly newsletter: TIP
JobNet
SIOP Journal I-O Psychology: Perspectives on
Science and Practice
Graduate training programs in I-O psychology
List of SIOP publications
6

Common Areas of
Concentration for I-O Psychologists

Table 1.1
7

Common Job Titles for

I-O Psychologists

Table 1.2

Evidence-Based
I-O Psychology
I-O psychologists have become increasingly focused
on making evidence-based decisions in their work in
organizations
This includes using a decision-making process that
combines critical thinking with use of best available
scientific evidence.
I-O psychologists are well positioned to develop and
utilize evidence-based practices as they have adopted
the scientist-practitioner model to guide the field.
9

How This Course Can Help You

Knowledge about 21st

century workplace
Course will address issues
such as work stress, workfamily balance, workplace
discrimination, &
leadership
10

Module 1.2: The past, present,

and future of I-O Psychology
The Past Important Dates/Events in I-O
Psychology
The Present Demographics and Career Paths
Future Challenges to I-O Psychology
11

Titles of Research Articles

in JAP (1917)
Table 1.3

12

Titles of Research Articles

in JAP (2008)

Table 1.4

13

Brief History of I-O Psychology

1876-1930
Hugo Munsterburg, James McKeen Cattell, Walter Dill
Scott, & Walter Van Dyke Bingham
World War 1: Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests
1917 First Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology awarded to
Lillian Gilbreth
Research in time & motion study Human Engineering

14

Brief History of I-O Psychology

(cont'd)
1930-1964
Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations
Human relations movement
Theories of motivation
Emotional world of the worker
Studies of job satisfaction

WWII
Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII
15

Civil Rights Act of 1964 &

Title VII
Title VII specified demographic groups to be protected from employment
discrimination

Groups named in 1964

Race
Color
Gender
National origin
Religion

2 additional protected
groups added later
ADEA (age) 1967
ADA (disability) 1990

16

Important Dates in the

Evolution of I-O Psychology

Figure 1.1

17

Demographics of I-O Psychologists

In 2000, I-O psychologists represented
about 6% of all APA members
In 2000, 30% of I-O psychologists in APA
were women
Average salaries:
Ph.D. in I-O psychology: $90,000
Masters in I-O psychology: $67,000
18

Figure 1.2: Where I-O

Psychologists are Employed

19

Preparing for a Career

in I-O Psychology
Education & training
Getting into a graduate program
Consideration of GPA & GRE score(s)
Relevant coursework (e.g., statistics)
More emphasis on coursework than major

20

Challenges to I-O in 21st Century

I-O psychology needs to be:
Relevant
Useful
Grounded in scientific method
21

Changes in the Workplace

Since 1980
Personal computing
Telecommuting &
virtual teams
Videoconferencing
Providing a service vs.
manufacturing
goods
Nature of work more
fluid

Teams vs. the

individual
Little stability
Family-friendly
workplaces
Greater diversity
Global workplace
Milton Montenegro/Getty Images

22

Module 1.3: Multicultural & CrossCultural Issues in I-O Psychology

Multiculturalism
Culture defined
System in which
individuals share
meaning & common
ways of viewing
events & objects
Sharing of meanings
& interpretations
Royalty-Free/CORBIS

23

Cultural Determinants in the

Workplace (Triandis)

Figure 1.3
The Dynamic of Top-Down-Bottom-Up Processes
across levels of culture

24

Multicultural Nature of Work in

the 21st Century
Why should multiculturalism be important
to you?
Why is multiculturalism important for I-O
psychology?
Issues surrounding the global economy,
expatriates, & the West vs. the Rest mentality

25

Theory of Cultural Influence

(Hofstede)

Table 1.5 The Five Dimensions of Hofstedes Theory of Culture

26

Figure 1.4: Cultural Differences

among Countries (Hofstede, 1993)

27

Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence

Triandis variation on Hofstedes dimension
of individualism/collectivism
Horizontal cultures those that minimize
distances between individuals
Vertical cultures accept & depend on
distances between individuals
28

Implications of Cultural
Dimensions for HRM
Table 1.6 The
implications of Cultural
Dimensions for HRM

29

Cultural Determinants in the

Workplace (Triandis)

Figure 1.5
Triandiss View of
Cultural Determinants
in the Workplace

30

Module 1.4:
Themes & Course Structure
Themes:
A) Unified Science
B) Holistic Approach
Parts of the book:
1) Introduction
2) Industrial Psychology
3) Organizational Psychology
4) Work Environment
31

Module 1.4 (contd)

Resources
Paper (I-O Journals/Books)
Electronic: I-O websites (e.g., www.siop.org)

Case study
Provides example of complexity of work
behavior
32

Table 1.7:
Scientific Journals in I-O Psychology

33

Table 1.8: Practical Texts

in I-O Psychology

34