Sale of Goods Act

Section 16 : Implied conditions as

to quality or fitness
Subject to the provisions of this Act
and of any other law for the time
being in force, there is no implied
warranty or condition as to the
quality or fitness for any particular
purpose of goods supplied under a
contract of sale, except as follows:-

Section 16(1)
(1) Where the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes
known to the seller the particular purpose for which the
goods are required, so as to show that the buyer relies
on the seller's skill or judgement, and the goods are of
a description which it is in the course of the seller's
business to supply (whether he is the manufacturer or
producer or not), there is an implied condition that the
goods shall be reasonably fit for such purpose:
PROVIDED that, in the case of a contract for the sale of
a specified article under its patent or other trade name,
there is no implied condition as its fitness for any
particular purpose.

Section 16(2)
(2) Where goods are bought by description
from a seller who deals in goods of that
description (whether he is the
manufacturer or producer or not), there is
an implied condition that the goods shall
be of merchantable quality;
PROVIDED that, if the buyer has examined
the goods, there shall be no implied
condition as regards defects which such
examination ought to have revealed.

Section 16(3); 16(4)

(3) An implied warranty or condition as
to quality or fitness for a particular
purpose may be annexed by the
usage of trade.
(4) An express warranty or condition
does not negative a warranty or
condition implied by this Act unless
inconsistent therewith.

SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS REGARDING DELIVERY

Delivery should be as agreed upon

If agreement is silent then delivery and payment are
concurrent
If agreement silent then delivery would be at the sellers
place
Buyer to apply for delivery if agreement silent.
Unless otherwise agreed cost of putting goods in
deliverable state is with the seller
Delivery to the carrier amounts to delivery unless
otherwise stated.
If agreement silent then delivery must be in reasonable
time
Specific provisions for installment or improper deliveries.

INCO TERMS

"Nemo dat quod non habet"

"that no one can give what he himself
has not"

S27. Sale by person not the owner

Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any

other law for the time being in force, where
goods are sold by a person who is not the
owner thereof and who does not sell them
under the authority or with the consent of the
owner, the buyer acquires no better title to the
goods than the seller had, unless the owner of
the goods is by his conduct precluded from
denying the seller's authority to sell:

Exceptions
Sale by a mercantile agent
Sale by joint owners
Sale by a person in possession under a voidable contract
Sale by seller or buyer in possession after sale
Sale by an unpaid seller

Other exceptions from other Acts

Sale by a finder of lost goods .. Section 169 of the Indian
Contract Act
Sale by a pawnee or pledge .. Section 176 of the Indian
Contract Act
Sale by official assignee / liquidator
Under common law if the seller is not stopped from selling
what is not his own by the owner.

Auction
(1)where goods are put up for sale in lots, each lot
isprima faciedeemed to be the subject of a
separate contract of sale;
(2)the sale is complete when the auctioneer announces
its completion by the fall of the hammer or in other
customary man ner; and, until such announcement
is made, any bidder may retract his bid;
(3)a right to bid may be reserved expressly by or on
behalf of the seller and, where such right is
expressly so re served, but not otherwise, the seller
or any one person on his behalf may, subject to the
provisions hereinafter contained, bid at the auction;

Auction
4 where the sale is not notified to be subject to a
right to bid on behalf of the seller, it shall not be
lawful for the seller to bid himself or to employ
any person to bid at such sale, or for the
auctioneer knowingly to take any bid from the
seller or any such person; and any sale
contravening this rule may be treated as
fraudulent by the buyer;
5 the sale may be notified to be subject to a
reserved or upset price;
6 if the seller makes use of pretended bidding to
raise the price, the sale is voidable at the option
of the buyer. [section 64].

RIGHTS OF UNPAID SELLER S 46-against goods

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any law for the time
being in force, notwithstanding that the property in the goods
may have passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller of goods, as
such, has by implication of law (a) a lien on the goods for the price while he is in possession of
them;
(b) in case of the insolvency of the buyer a right of stopping the
goods in transit after he has parted with the possession of them;
(c) a right of re-sale as limited by this Act.
(2) Where the property in goods has not passed to the buyer, the
unpaid seller has, in addition to his other remedies, a right of
withholding delivery similar to and co-extensive with his rights
of lien and stoppage in transit where the property has passed to
the buyer.