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Operating Systems
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Lecture Outline
1. Basics of Operating Systems (OS).
2. OS Examples: Microsoft Windows, Unix, Linux.
3. OS for Process Management:
a) Multi-Tasking,
b) Multi-Processing.
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Operating System
An operating system (OS) is a computer program that manages the
hardware and software resources of a computer
At the foundation of all system software, the OS performs these basic tasks:
prioritizing system requests
facilitating networking
providing security
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Operating System Categories
• Four categories:
– Real-Time (RTOS)
• Real-time operating systems don’t require the
intervention of any users at all.
– Single-User, Single-Task
• Single-user, single-task operating systems are
proprietary systems developed specifically for the
devices they manage.
– Single-User, Multitask
– Multiuser
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Real-Time Operating Systems
• Systems with a
specific purpose and
a certain result
• Uses include:
– Industrial machines
– Robotic equipment
– Automobiles
– Video game consoles
– Home appliances
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Single-User Operating Systems
Single-task systems Multitask systems
• Perform one task at a time • Perform simultaneous tasks
• PDAs: • Windows
– Pocket PC • MAC OS
– Palm OS • Linux
– Windows Mobile
• MS-DOS
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Multiuser Operating Systems
• Known as network operating systems
• Allow access to the computer system by more
than one user
• Manage user requests
• Systems include:
– UNIX
– Novell Netware
– Windows Server 2003
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Features of an OS
• Co-ordinates programs to work
programs.
users.
• Provides user-interface.
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Starting the Computer: Loading the OS
• When the computer is first powered up, nothing is in the RAM.
– Initializes all I/O devices: hard disk, video, mouse, keyboard, CD-ROM, etc
• The bootstrap-loader further loads the other part of the operating system to the RAM
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Starting the Computer
The Boot Process
• Step 1: The basic input/output 2
system (BIOS) is activated
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OS for Personal Computers
For IBM-PC compatible computers –
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Microsoft Windows OS
The Microsoft Windows family of operating systems originated as a
graphical layer on top of the older MS-DOS environment for the IBM-PC.
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UNIX
• Multiuser, multitask operating system
• Used primarily with mainframes
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Linux
• Open-source operating
system
• Based on UNIX
• Stable system
• Free
• May be downloaded
through the Internet
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What the Operating System Does
• Provides user
interface
• Manages the CPU
• Manages memory
• Manages hardware
• Coordinates
application software
with the CPU
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The User Interface
• Enables you to
interact with the
Command-driven
computer
• Types of interfaces:
– Command-driven
interface (CLI:
command line
Menu-driven
interface)
– Menu-driven interface
– Graphical user
interface
Graphical
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Processor Management
• The OS arranges for the execution of all
its activities in a systematic way.
• The OS assigns a slice of its time to each
activity requiring the CPU’s attention. The
OS then switches between processes
thousands of times a second so it appears
that everything is happening seamlessly.
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Processor Management
• Controls the timing of events the
processor works on
– Interrupts: tell the OS it is in need of attention.
– Interrupt handler: a special numerical code
that prioritizes the requests
– Interrupt table: in RAM
– Stack Operatin
Process
Process
g3rd
1st
2nd
4th
REQUEST System
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Memory Management
• The operating system allocates space in
RAM for instructions and data
RAM
Operating
System
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Virtual Memory
• Instructions and data are stored on the
hard drive when RAM is full
– Swap file
FULL
– Paging
– Thrashing
Operating
System
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Memory Management
Parkinson's Law: "Data expands to fill the space available for storage"
Memory Properties:
• has finite size and finite speed.
• is arranged hierarchically, from the fastest registers to the slowest disk storage.
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Memory Management
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Networking
Most OS use the TCP/IP networking protocols.
A computer can appear on another computer’s network to share resources,
such as files, printers, and scanners.
Device Drivers
A computer & its OS do not know how to control every device.
A device driver is an interface software to allow specific OS or software
applications to communicate transparently with specific hardware devices –
to provide commands to the device,
to receive data from the device,
to translate these OS’ function-calls into device-specific function-calls.
provides the requisite interrupt-handling for any asynchronous time-dependent
hardware interfacing needs.
is generally hardware-specific and OS-specific.
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Hardware Management
• Device drivers:
– Programs that enable the
operating system to
communicate with
peripheral devices
– Provided by the
manufacturer of the device
• Plug and Play:
– Hardware and software
standard
– Facilitates the installation
of new hardware
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Software Application Coordination
• Application programming interfaces
(APIs):
– Blocks of code contained in the operating
system
– Coordinates the operating system with
software applications
• Similar toolbars and menus
– Microsoft Direct X
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File Management
• The operating system provides an
organizational structure to the computer’s
contents
• Hierarchical structure of directories:
– Drives
• Folders
Subfolders
» Files
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File path
• File path
– Location of the file
Secondary Filename
folders
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Working with Files
• File management
actions:
– Open
– Copy
– Move
– Rename
– Delete
• Recycle bin
Saving files
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Utility Programs
• Small application programs that perform
special functions:
– Manage system resources
– Create pleasant environment
– Improve efficiency
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Security
1. The OS provides access to a number of resources, directly or indirectly. E.g., files on a
local disk, privileged system calls, personal information about users, and the services
offered by the programs running on the system.
2. The OS can distinguish between authorized requesters of these resources allowed access,
from unauthorized (forbidden) requesters.
3. OS has requester identity, such as a user name.
is vital for auditing, as a program can potentially bypass the operating system.
instructions, they have to ask a privileged program (e.g., the OS) to do so.
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External Security
An OS offers various services to (i.e., hosts) other computers on a network, e.g.,
file sharing, print services, email, web sites, and file transfer protocols.
At the front line of the external security are hardware devices known as firewalls.
Thus, while running insecure service (e.g., Telnet or FTP) , another service would
not be threatened by a security breach because the firewall would deny all
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Lecture Summary
1. Basics of Operating Systems (OS).
2. OS Examples: Microsoft Windows, Unix, Linux.
3. OS for Process Management:
a) Multi-Tasking,
b) Multi-Processing.
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