DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name
: K.Chandra Sekhar
Designation
: Lecturer
Branch
: Electrical & Electronics Engg.
Institute
: Govt. Polytechnic, Hyderabad
Year/Semester : I Year
Subject
: Elements of Electrical Engg.
Subject Code
: EE-105
Topic
: Electric Current- Ohms Law,
Resistance
Duration
: 50 Mts
Sub Topic
: Give the concept of resistance to
the flow of electrons
Teaching Aids : PPT, Animation, Diagrams
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Objectives
On completion of this period , you would be able to know
Definition of resistance
Distinguish between resistance and resistor.
Types of resistors

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Resistance
The property of a material due to which it opposes the
flow of electrons (current) through it.
It may be termed as electrical friction.
It affects the movement of electricity in a same manner
similar to the effect of friction on mechanical objects.

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Resistance
It is denoted by R
It is measured in Ohms ()
It is symbolically represented as shown in fig.1

R
Fig.1

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Resistance
Good conductors exhibit less resistance
Why ?
Due to presence of large number of free or loosely
attached electrons in their atoms
Example:
Copper
Aluminum

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Resistance
Properties of resistance
Power dissipating property
Current circulating property
These properties will result in heating of the
material
Heat due to collision of electrons of one
atom with another

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 Substance which offer relatively greater difficulty or

hindrance to the passage of the electrons Insulator
Substance which offer relatively lesser hindrance to the
passage of electrons Conductor

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Distinguish Between Resistor and

Resistance
Resistor

Resistance

It is noun

It is an adjective

It is a material

It is a property

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Types Of Resistors

Carbon Composition
Deposited Carbon
High Voltage Ink Film
Metal Film
Metal Glaze
Wire-wound
Cermets (ceramic-metal)

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Most popularly used resistors in electrical and

electronics engineering are
1. Carbon Composition Resistors
2. Wire-wound Resistors

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Carbon Composition Resistor

This resistor is enclosed in a plastic case to prevent the
entry of the moisture from outside
Available in power rating 1/8,1/4,1/2,1 and 2 Watts, in
voltage ratings of 250, 350 and 500 volts

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Carbon Composition Resistor

Have tendency to produce electrical noise due to current
passing from one carbon particle to another.
This noise appears in the form of hiss in a loud speaker
Extensively used in entertainment electronics

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How to find the value of resistance of a carbon

composition resistor ?
Its value will be marked with color bands
The first band indicates the first number, which is close
to the edge
The second band indicates the second number
The third band indicates the decimal multiplier , which
gives the number of zeroes after the two digits
Fourth band indicates percentage tolerance

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How to read color strips on carbon resistors ?

Fig.2 shows color coding carbon resistor

Fig.2

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Carbon Composition Resistor

Table 1. shows the color code values

Color
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow

value
0
1
2
3
4

Color
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White

value
5
6
7
8
9

Table.1
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 How to remember Color Codes ?

B B R O Y of Great Britain has Very Good Wife

Green

Blue
Violet

Yellow
Orange
Red
Brown
Black

Gray
White

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Carbon Composition Resistor

Fig.3
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Wire-wound Resistor
Consists of a ceramic core wound with a drawn wire
Have highest stability and highest power rating
Is coated with an insulating material such as baked
enamel

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Different configurations of wire-wound resistors

1. Fixed resistor
2. Variable resistor
Fixed Resistor:

Is one that has a single value of resistance which

remains constant
It has only two terminals

Fig.4 shows a fixed resistor

Fig.4
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Variable Resistor
It is also called varistor
Are used to vary the amount of resistance , so as to
change the current or voltage in a circuit
Rheostat
Two types

Potentiometer

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Rheostat
It is a variable resistance with 2 terminals connected in
series with a load along with a jockey which slides on the
tube
It is used to vary the amount of current
Fig.5 shows a simple rheostat

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Rheostat

Fig.5
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Rheostat
Fixed Resistance
A

Variable resistance /
Rheostat
1

Fig.6
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 Fig.6 shows a simple rheostat connected in series with

the source
When sliding contact is in position 1, the current flowing
through the circuit is maximum
When sliding contact is in position 2, the current flowing
through the circuit is minimum

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Potentiometer
It is a variable resistance with 3 terminals connected
across voltage source along with sliding arm.
It is used to vary the voltage division between the sliding
arm and any one fixed end
It is also called as pot
Fig.7 shows a simple potentiometer

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Potentiometer

Fig.7
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Potentiometer
Fig.8 shows potentiometer connected across voltage source
to function as a voltage divider

3
Input
Voltage

3
Output
Voltage

2
1

1
(a) Wiring diagram

Fig.8

(b) Schematic diagram

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Potentiometer
From the fig.8
When the variable arm is at middle then the output
voltage is half of the input voltage between 1 & 2
terminals
When the variable arm is closer to terminal
3(maximum R) more input voltage is available
between 2 & 1 as output.
When the variable arm is closer to terminal
1(minimum R) then the output voltage between 2 &
1 is minimum.

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Comparison Between Rheostat &

Potentiometer
Rheostat
Three terminals
In series with load &
voltage source
Varies the current

Potentiometer
Three terminals
Ends are connected
across voltage source
Taps off part of voltage

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Summary
In this lesson you learnt about
Resistance
Types of resistors
Rheostat and Potentiometer

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QUIZ
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1. What is the color for 7 ?

a)
b)
c)
d)

White
Red
Violet
Yellow

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2. Potentiometer has how many terminals ?

a)
b)
c)
d)

1
3
2
none

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. List out the various types of resistors .
2. Define Resistance and give its units .
3. Compare Rheostat and Potentiometer .

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Thank You
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