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Outline of presentation
Power system reliability
Adequacy and security
Concepts and terminologies
Generation planning
Transmission planning criteria
Reliability--definitions
A measure of the ability of a system, generally given as
numerical indices, to deliver power to all points of
utilisation within acceptable standards and in amounts
desired. Power system reliability (comprising generation
and transmission & distribution facilities) can be
described by two basic functional attributes: adequacy
and security. (Cigr definition)
Reliability is the probability of a device or a system
performing its function adequately, for the period of time
intended, under the operating conditions intended. (IEEE
PES definition)
Reliability
Reliability
Adequacy
Security
Definitionscontd/ Adequacy:
A measure of the ability of the power system to
supply the aggregate electric power and energy
requirements
of
the
customers
within
components ratings and voltage limits, taking
into account planned and unplanned outages of
system components. Adequacy measures the
capability of the power system to supply the load
in all the steady states in which the power
system may exist considering standards
conditions. (Cigr definition)
2.
3.
Restorative
In extremis
Alert
Emergency
Credible Contingency
1) plausibility (believable), and
2) likelihood (probable).
E.g. Single element contingency : Loss of 1 element
out of n elements (n-1)
VOLL
When it is necessary, the system operator must ration demand by shedding
load. In this case, the value of another megawatt of power equals the cost
imposed by involuntary load curtailment. This value is called the value of
lost load, VOLL. VOLL depends on the customer, the time of the loss, and
the nonlinear dependence of loss on the duration of the loss
Definitionscontd/Security:
A measure of power system ability to withstand
sudden disturbances such as electric short
circuits or unanticipated losses of system
components or load conditions together with
operating constraints. Another aspect of security
is system integrity, which is the ability to
maintain interconnected operation. Integrity
relates to the preservation of interconnected
system operation, or avoidance of uncontrolled
separation, in the presence of specified severe
disturbances. (Cigr definition)
Generation planning
In a competitive market also, the mix of
plant types are arrived at similar to
centralized planning except that it is
through a decentralized price discovery
and profitability analysis.
Transmission planning
Once we have the load forecast and generation
location, it is easy to identify where to build lines
and how many.
In India the transmission planning is done as per
the Manual on Transmission Planning Criteria
prepared by CEA in January 2013
The planned transmission capacity would be finite and there are bound to
be congestions if large quantum of electricity is sought to be transmitted in
direction not previously planned.
3.14
Appropriate communication system for the new sub-stations and
generating stations may be planned by CTU/STUs and implemented by
CTU/STUs/generation developers so that the same is ready at the time of
commissioning.
4.2
Reliability Criteria(1)
6.1 Criteria for system with no contingency (N-0)
a) The system shall be tested for different load-generation scenarios viz.
a. Annual Peak Load
b. Seasonal variation in Peak Loads for Winter, Summer and Monsoon
c. Seasonal Light Load (for Light Load scenario, motor load of pumped
storage plants shall be considered)
b) For the planning purpose all the equipments shall remain within their
normal thermal loadings and voltage ratings.
c) The angular separation between adjacent buses shall not exceed 30
degree.
Reliability Criteria(2)
6.2 Criteria for single contingency (N-1)
6.2.1 Steady-state :
a) All the equipments in the transmission system shall remain within their
normal thermal and voltage ratings after a disturbance involving loss of any
one of the following elements (called single contingency or N-1 condition),
but without load shedding / rescheduling of generation:
- Outage of a 132kV or 110kV single circuit,
- Outage of a 220kV or 230kV single circuit,
- Outage of a 400kV single circuit,
- Outage of a 400kV single circuit with fixed series capacitor(FSC),
- Outage of an Inter-Connecting Transformer(ICT),
- Outage of a 765kV single circuit
-Outage of one pole of HVDC bipole.
b) The angular separation between adjacent buses under (N-1) conditions
shall not exceed 30 degree.
Reliability Criteria(3)
6.2.2 Transient-state :
a) The system shall be able to survive a permanent three phase
to ground fault on a 765kV line close to the bus to be cleared in
100 ms.
b) The system shall be able to survive a permanent single
phase to ground fault on a 765kV line close to the bus.
Accordingly, single pole opening (100 ms) of the faulted phase
and unsuccessful re-closure (dead time 1 second) followed by
3-pole opening (100 ms) of the faulted line shall be considered.
c) The system shall be able to survive a permanent three phase
to ground fault on a 400kV line close to the bus to be cleared in
100 ms.
Reliability Criteria(4)
6.2.2 Transient-state (contd):
d) The system shall be able to survive a permanent single phase to
ground fault on a 400kV line close to the bus. Accordingly, single pole
opening (100 ms) of the faulted phase and unsuccessful re-closure
(dead time 1 second) followed by 3-pole opening (100 ms) of the faulted
line shall be considered.
e) In case of 220kV / 132 kV networks, the system shall be able to
survive a permanent three phase fault on one circuit, close to a bus, with
a fault clearing time of 160 ms (8 cycles) assuming 3-pole opening.
f) The system shall be able to survive a fault in HVDC convertor station,
resulting in permanent outage of one of the poles of HVDC Bipole.
g) Contingency of loss of generation: The system shall remain stable
under the contingency of outage of single largest generating unit or a
critical generating unit (choice of candidate critical generating unit is left
to the transmission planner).
Reliability Criteria(5)
6.3 Criteria for second contingency (N-1-1)
6.3.1 Under the scenario where a contingency as defined at 6.2 has already
happened, the system may be subjected to one of the following subsequent
contingencies (called N-1-1 condition):
a) The system shall be able to survive a temporary single phase to ground
fault on a 765kV line close to the bus. Accordingly, single pole opening (100
ms) of the faulted phase and successful re-closure (dead time 1 second) shall
be considered.
b) The system shall be able to survive a permanent single phase to ground
fault on a 400kV line close to the bus. Accordingly, single pole opening (100
ms) of the faulted phase and unsuccessful re-closure (dead time 1 second)
followed by 3-pole opening (100 ms) of the faulted line shall be considered.
c) In case of 220kV / 132kV networks, the system shall be able to survive a
permanent three phase fault on one circuit, close to a bus, with a fault clearing
time of 160 ms (8 cycles) assuming 3-pole opening.
Reliability Criteria(6)
6.3.2 (a) In the N-1-1 contingency condition as stated above, if there is
a temporary fault, the system shall not loose the second element after
clearing of fault but shall successfully survive the disturbance.
(b) In case of permanent fault, the system shall loose the second
element as a result of fault clearing and thereafter, shall asymptotically
reach to a new steady state without losing synchronism. In this new
state the system parameters (i.e. voltages and line loadings) shall not
exceed emergency limits, however, there may be requirement of load
shedding / rescheduling of generation so as to bring system parameters
within normal limits.
Reliability Criteria(7)
6.4 Criteria for generation radially connected with the grid
For the transmission system connecting generators or a group of
generators radially with the grid, the following criteria shall apply:
6.4.1 The radial system shall meet N-1 reliability criteria as given at
Paragraph: 6.2 for both the steady-state as well as transient-state.
6.4.2 For subsequent contingency i.e. N-1-1 (of Paragraph: 6.3) only
temporary fault shall be considered for the radial system.
6.4.3 If the N-1-1 contingency is of permanent nature or any
disturbance/contingency causes disconnection of such generator/group
of generators from the main grid, the remaining main grid shall
asymptotically reach to a new steady-state without losing synchronism
after loss of generation. In this new state the system parameters shall
not exceed emergency limits, however, there may be requirement of load
shedding /rescheduling of generation so as to bring system parameters
within normal limits.
15.6 Size and number of interconnecting transformers (ICTs) shall be planned in such
a way that the outage of any single unit would not over load the remaining ICT(s) or
the underlying system
16.1 The capacity factor for the purpose of maximum injection to plan the
evacuation system, both for immediate connectivity with the ISTS/Intra-STS
and for onward transmission requirement, may taken as follows:
16.2 The N-1 criteria may not be applied to the immediate connectivity of
wind/solar farms with the ISTS/Intra-STS grid i.e. the line connecting the farm
to the grid and the step-up transformers at the grid station.
16.3 As the generation of energy at a wind farm is possible only with the
prevalence of wind, the thermal line loading limit of the lines connecting the
wind machine(s)/farm to the nearest grid point may be assessed considering 12
km/hour wind speed.
Communications, COM.2
Nuclear, NUC..1
Interconnection Reliability
Voltage and Reactive, VAR..5
Operations & Coordination, IRO.18
References
1. Roy Billinton and Ronald N Allan, Reliability Assessment of Large
Electric Power Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers
2. Dr. Mohammad Shahidehpour, Electricity Restructuring and the role of
security in power systems operation and planning, IEEE tutorial, April
2006, New Delhi
3. P Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, Mc Graw Hill Inc.
4. Brainstorming session and agenda for the first meeting of 18 th EPS
Committee on 27th August 2010 available at CEA website
http://www.cea.nic.in
5. Manual on Transmission Planning Criteria, June 1994, CEA
Thank you
Discussion