THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

09/14/15

THE TRANSFORMER BAY

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

INTRODUCTION
09/14/15
M L SHESHADRI

The present electrical power system is a

complex interconnection of Generating
stations-Transmission systemsReceiving stations- Distribution systems
and Load points.
In all the above phases of power flow, the
transfer of electrical energy takes place in
the electric sub stations.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

INTRODUCTION
09/14/15

M L SHESHADRI

Basically an electrical sub station consists

of a number of incoming circuits and out
going circuits connected to common bus
bar systems.
Bus bars are conducting bars to which a
number of incoming or out going circuits
are connected.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

INTRODUCTION
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Each circuit connected to the bus bar will have

certain electrical component such as circuit
breakers, isolators, earth switches, current
transformers and voltage transformers.

M L SHESHADRI

These components are connected in a definite

sequence such that a circuit can be switched off
during normal operation by manual command
and also automatically during abnormal
conditions such as short circuits.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

INTRODUCTION
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A sub station receives electrical power from

generating station through incoming
transmission lines and delivers electrical
power through the out going transmission
lines.
Sub station is an integral part of a power
system and is an important link between the
generating stations, transmission systems,
distribution systems and load points.

M L SHESHADRI

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
09/14/15
M L SHESHADRI

The sub station is designed with an

objective to provide maximum
reliability, flexibility, continuity of
service and to meet these objectives
with the lowest investment costs that
satisfy system requirement.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
09/14/15
M L SHESHADRI

System requirements include the selection of

optimum voltage levels depending on the load
requirements and the transmission distances
involved. Generally, the generating source will be
far away from the load centers. The advantage of
capitalizing on low site costs, availability of ample
cooling water supply, economical fuel supply and
less stringent environmental considerations
compel construction of generating source far away
from load centers, there by, increasing
transmission distances.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
09/14/15

The system requirement must be met with minimum

costs as the cost of equipment, labor, land and site
treatment is increasing every day.

M L SHESHADRI

Hence, to transmit power over long distances the

transmission voltage is to be increased and in our
country 400 kV is becoming common and higher
voltages for transmission is being explored. Many
factors such as voltage level, load capacity, site space
limitations, transmission line right of way requirement
and environmental considerations influence the design
of sub stations.

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

BUS LAYOUT AND SWITCHING ARRANGEMENT
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Since the major sub station costs are reflected in the

power transformers, circuit breakers and disconnecting
switches, the bus layout and switching arrangement
selected will determine the number of switches and
power circuit breakers required.

M L SHESHADRI

A number of factors must be considered in the selection

of bus layouts and switching arrangements for a sub
station to meet system and station requirements.
A sub station must be reliable, economical, safe,
and as simple in design as possible.

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
09/14/15
M L SHESHADRI

The term layout denotes the physical

arrangement of various components in
the sub station relative to one another.
The layout is significant as it influences
the operation, maintenance, cost and
protection of the sub station. These
aspects are considered while designing
the sub station layout.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

The design of sub station layout need careful

consideration of several aspects such as:

M L SHESHADRI

The physical arrangement of the equipment is

called the layout of the sub station. The layout is
illustrated by means of single line diagrams.

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With the given number of incoming lines, out going

lines, transformers, etc., the sub station can be
designed in several alternative ways.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
09/14/15
M L SHESHADRI

Switching requirement for normal operation.

Switching requirement during abnormal
conditions like short circuits and overloads.
Degree of flexibility in operations, simplicity.
Freedom from total shutdowns.
Maintenance requirements, space for
approaching various equipment for
maintenance.
Road/ rail for transporting main and auxiliary
equipment.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
09/14/15
M L SHESHADRI

Safety of personnel.
Protective zones for main and back up
protection.
Provision for bye pass facilities and for
extensions, space requirements.
Technical requirements such as ratings,
clearances, earth system, lightning protection.
Requirement for SCADA and communication.
Compatibility for local and ambient condition.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
09/14/15

M L SHESHADRI

The choice of bus bar schemes for ac yards

depend upon several factors mentioned above.
The important bus bar schemes are:
Single bus bar
Double bus bar with one breaker per circuit
Double bus bar with two breaker per circuit
Main and transfer bus
Ring bus or Mesh scheme
Breaker and a half(1 1/2 breaker) arrangement 14

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

M L SHESHADRI

The basis of comparison is generally the degree

of reliability & economic justification.

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The various schemes are generally compared to

emphasize their advantage and limitations.

The degree of reliability is evaluated by

determining continuity of service under anticipated
operating conditions and possible faults.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

VARIOUS BUS BAR SCHEMES

ISOLATO
R

M L SHESHADRI

BUS

09/14/15

SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME

BREAKE
R
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME

Lowest cost

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Advantage

Maintenance without interruption of supply is not possible.

M L SHESHADRI

Disadvantage:

Sub station can not be extended without completely deenergizing the sub station
Can be used only where loads can be interrupted or have
other supply arrangements. Least flexibility.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

VARIOUS BUS BAR SCHEMES

BUS SECTION-2
SECTIONALISER

ISOLATO
R
BREAKE
R
CURRENT

M L SHESHADRI

BUS SECTION-1

09/14/15

SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS

SECTIONALISER

TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER

M L SHESHADRI

Where double feed is provided for any single load it is

preferable to have one circuit from each section.

09/14/15

Sectionalizing the single bus improves slightly the

reliability if the incoming and out going circuits are
distributed evenly on both the sections.

In this arrangement each section behaves as a separate

bus bar and any outage can be confined to one section
of the bus bar.
Only the faulty section will be tripped by bus differential
protection.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

M L SHESHADRI

BUS-2

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BUS-1

BUS COUPLER
BREAKER
BREAKER
POWER TRANSFORMER
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER

CIRCUIT
This arrangement has the following advantages:
Each load may be fed from either bus.
Operational flexibility may be increased by grouping the
incoming and out going feeders in separate groups.
Either bus bar can be taken out for maintenance.
Bus coupler helps in on load change over from one bus
to the other.
Adopted where load and continuity justify additional
cost.
A major disadvantage is that the breaker can not be
taken out for maintenance without interrupting supply to
the concerned circuit.

M L SHESHADRI

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER
CIRCUIT
09/14/15
M L SHESHADRI

Bus protection scheme may cause loss of sub

station when it operates if all circuits are
connected to that bus.
High exposure to bus faults.
Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected
to that bus out of service.
Bus tie breaker failure takes the entire sub
station out of service.

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DOUBLE MAIN BUS & CB BYPASS ISOLATOR SYSTEM

T/F-1

BAY1

BAY2

T/F-2

BAY6

BAY4
BUS COUPLER

BUS-1

BAY7

BUS-2

BAY3

FEEDER1

FEEDER2

BAY5

FOR ANY CB PROBLEM OR FOR

PREVENTIVE
MAINTANENCE, SUCH
FEEDER CAN BE SHIFTED TO ANOTHER
BUS AND THE BYPASS ISOLATOR IS
CLOSED,
THEN
PROTECTION
IS
TRANSFERRED TO BUS COUPLER AND
THE FAULTY CB CAN BE ISOLATED.

FEEDER3

FEEDER4

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS

MAIN BUS
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BREAKER

M L SHESHADRI

TIE
BREAKER

TRANSFER BUS

LINE

LINE
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS

09/14/15

This is an alternative to double bus single

breaker arrangement which provided for change
over to either bus for carrying out maintenance
on other bus. But it provided no facility for
breaker maintenance without interrupting power
supply to the concerned circuit.
The main and transfer bus works the other way
round.
This arrangement provides facility for carrying
out breaker maintenance but does not permit
bus maintenance.
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M L SHESHADRI

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS
Any breaker can be taken out of service for maintenance.

The cost is increased due to use of an extra isolator for each circuit and
providing interlock for bus coupler and circuit isolators.

M L SHESHADRI

Potential devices may be used on the main bus for relaying.

09/14/15

Wherever maintenance is required on any breaker, the circuit is changed

over to the transfer bus and controlled through the bus coupler breaker.

Relaying sensitivity decreases as the same bus coupler is used to energize

the concerned circuit for all the circuit breakers whenever they are taken
out for maintenance.
Failure of bus or any circuit breaker results in shut down of entire sub
station.

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DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

T/F-1

T/F-2

BUS-2

BAY3
BAY1

BAY2

FEEDER1 FEEDER2

BAY4

TRANSFER BUS

BAY5

TRANSFER BUS
COUPLER

BUS COUPLER

BUS-1

BAY6

BAY7

BAY8

FEEDER3 FEEDER4

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BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS

Double Bus Bar Arrangement with Transfer
Bus.
This arrangement provides more additional
flexibility, continuity of Power Supply,
permits periodic maintenance without total
shut down as the two main buses can be
operated independently with the same
redundancy.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TWO BREAKER
PER CIRCUIT
09/14/15

BREAKER

M L SHESHADRI

BUS-1

BUS-2
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LINE

LINE

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TWO BREAKER PER
CIRCUIT
09/14/15
M L SHESHADRI

Each circuit has two dedicated breakers.

Has flexibility in permitting feeder circuits to be
connected to either bus.
Any breaker can be taken out of service for
maintenance.
High reliability.
Most expensive. Used only in large generating
stations where security of connection is paramount.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME

09/14/15

BREAKER
LINE

M L SHESHADRI

ISOLATOR

POWER TRANSFORMER
LINE

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME
09/14/15

In this scheme the breakers are arranged in a ring with

circuits connected between breakers.

M L SHESHADRI

There are the same number of circuits as there are breakers.

During normal operation, all breakers are closed. For a circuit

fault, two breakers are tripped, and in the event one of the
breaker fails to operate to clear the fault, an additional circuit
will be tripped by operation of breaker- failure back up relays.
During breaker maintenance, the ring is broken, but all lines
remain in service.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME
The circuits connected to the ring are arranged so that
sources are alternated with loads.
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No changes to protective relays are required for any of the

various operating conditions or during maintenance.

M L SHESHADRI

For an extended circuit outage, the line isolator may be opened

and the ring can be closed.

The ring bus scheme is economical in cost, has good reliability,

is safe for operation, is flexible, and is normally considered
suitable for important sub stations up to a limit of five circuits.
It is common practice to build major sub stations initially as a
ring bus; for more than five outgoing circuits, the ring bus is
usually developed to the breaker-and-a-half scheme.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

One and a Half Breaker Arrangement.
This arrangement provides three circuit
breakers for every two circuits. It gives
high security against loss of supply but
higher cost is involved. Hence this is
provided for important 400/220 KV Sub
Stations.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

ISOLATOR

LINE

M L SHESHADRI

BREAKER

09/14/15

BUS-1

TIE BREAKER

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BUS-2 35

I-CONFIGUARATION
DIA5

DIA6

BAY14

BAY17

BAY15

BAY18

BAY13

BAY11

BAY16

FEEDER11

BAY12

BAY6

FEEDER9

BAY10

DIA4

BAY7

DIA3

BAY5

BAY2
BAY3

FEEDER7

BAY8

DIA2

BAY1

BUS-1 DIA1

FEEDER5

BAY9

FEEDER3

BAY4

FEEDER1

BUS-2

FEEDER2

FEEDER4

FEEDER6

FEEDER8

FEEDER10

FEEDER12

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D-CONFIGUARATION
FEEDER5

FEEDER10
BAY14

BAY13

BAY7

DIA1

FEEDER9

BAY8

BAY3

BAY1

BAY2

FEEDER6

DIA3

BAY15

FEEDER2

BAY9

FEEDER1

DIA5

BUS-1

BAY5

FEEDER3

BAY11

FEEDER4

FEEDER7

DIA6

BAY18

BAY16

DIA4

BAY12

BAY10

DIA2

BAY6

BAY4

BUS-2

BAY17

FEEDER8

FEEDER11

FEEDER12

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

This pattern is repeated along the main buses so

that one and a half breakers are used for each
circuit.

M L SHESHADRI

Two circuits are connected between the three

breakers, hence the term breaker and a half.

09/14/15

The breaker and a half scheme, some times called

the three switch scheme, has three breakers in
series between the main buses.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME
09/14/15

Under normal operating conditions all breakers are

closed and both buses are energized.
A circuit is tripped by opening the two associated circuit
breakers.
Tie breaker failure will trip one additional circuit, but no
additional circuit is lost if a line trip involves failure of a
bus breaker.
Either bus may be taken out of service at any time with
no loss of service.
With sources connected opposite loads, it is possible to
operate with both buses out of service.
Breaker maintenance can be done with no loss of
service, no relay changes, and simple operation of the
breaker isolators.
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M L SHESHADRI

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME
09/14/15
M L SHESHADRI

The breaker-and-a-half arrangement is more

expensive than other schemes, except the doublebreaker-double-bus scheme.

However, the breaker-and-a-half scheme is superior

in flexibility, reliability, and safety.

Protective relaying and automatic re-closing

schemes are more complex than for other schemes
and hence costly.
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THANK YOU
09/14/15

ANY QUESTIONS ?

M L SHESHADRI

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