Power Plant Technology

MENG 4662

Mohy S. Mansour
Professor,
Mechanical Engineering Department
AUC

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Power Plant

POWER CYCLES

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Types

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Power Plant

POWER CYCLES

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Heat Engines
Efficiency

= Power/Heat added

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TH

QoA

Heat
Engine

QoR
5

Heat Added

Wo
Power

Heat Rejected

TL

Reversed Cycle
Coefficient

of Performance = Heat/Power

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TH

QoH

Refrigerator
or
Heat Pump

QoL
6

Heat Rejected

Wo
Power

Heat Absorbed

TL

Heat Engines

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External Combustion
Engines

Steam Power
Plant

Rankine Cycle

Internal Combustion
Engines
Rotary
Gas
Turbine
Brayton
Cycle

Wankel
Engine

Reciprocating
Petrol,
SI

Diesel,
CI

Otto
Cycle

Diesel
Cycle
Dual
Cycle

Rankine Cycle
Steam,
mo

Turbine

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mo

Steam
Generator
Boiler

Heat Added,
Qo B

Turbine
Power
WoT

mo
Water, mo

Pump

Condenser
mo

Pump Power, WoP

Heat
Rejected,
QoC

Steam,
mo

mo

Turbine

Turbine
Power
WoT

Steam
Generator
Boiler

Rankine Cycle

Water, mo
Pump

Cycle

Pump 1-2:
Adiabatic + Reversible = Isentropic
Boiler 2-3:
Constant Pressure Heat Added
Turbine 3-4:
Adiabatic + Reversible = Isentropic
Condenser 4-1:
Constant Pressure Heat Rejected

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Condenser
m

Heat
Added,
QoB

mo

Pump Power,
WoP

Heat
Rejected, QoC

T
3
PB
2
PC
1

4
S

Steam,
mo

mo

Turbine

Turbine
Power
WoT

Steam
Generator
Boiler

Rankine Cycle

Water, mo
Pump

Q - W = m { (h 2 h1 ) + (V22 V12) /2 + g(Z2 - Z1)}

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Condenser
o

Cycle Analysis:
1
Pump Power,
W
Pump 1-2
Water enters the pump at state 1 as saturated liquid and is
compressed isentropically to the operating pressure of the
boiler.
The pump follows the SSSF process, then

10

Heat
Added,
QoB

mo

o
P

Heat
Rejected, QoC

Steam,
mo

mo

Turbine

Turbine
Power
WoT

Steam
Generator
Boiler

Rankine Cycle

Water, mo
Pump

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Heat
Added,
QoB

11

Condenser
m

Cycle Analysis:
1
Pump Power,
W
Pump 1-2
Q = 0 and kinetic and potential energies are neglected, then
0 - W = m { (h 2 h1 ) + 0 + 0)}

Heat
Rejected, QoC

o
P

WP = m (h 1 h2 )
wP = h 1 h2

kW
kJ/kg

This equation is used to determine h2 if wP is known. Otherwise

h2 is calculated 2as,
From wP vdp

v constant (Incompressible)

mo

wp = -v (PB PC) = -v (P2 P1) kJ/kg

then
h2 = h1 + v1 (p2 p1) kJ/kg

Steam,
mo

mo

Turbine
Power

Turbine

WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler

Rankine Cycle

Water, mo
Pump

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12

Heat
Added,
QoB

mo

Condenser
m

Heat

Cycle Analysis:
1 Rejected, Q
Pump Power,
W
Boiler (Steam Generator) 2-3
Water enters the boiler as compressed liquid at state 2 and
leaves as saturated or superheated vapor at state 3. The boiler
follows the SSSF process, then
QB - W = m { (h 3 h2 ) + (V32 V22) /2 + g(Z3 - Z2)}
o
P

No work and kinetic and potential energies are neglected, then

QB - W = m { (h 3 h2 ) + 0 + 0)}
QB = m (h 3 h2 )
qB = h 3 h2

kW
kJ/kg

o
C

Steam,
mo

mo

Turbine
Power

Turbine

WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler

Rankine Cycle

Water, mo
Pump

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13

Heat
Added,
QoB

mo

Condenser
m

Heat

Cycle Analysis:
1 Rejected, Q
Pump Power,
W
Turbine 3-4
The superheated vapor at state 3 enters the turbine, where it
expands isentropically and produces work by rotating the shaft
connected to an electric generator. The turbine follows the
SSSF process, then
Q - WT = m { (h 4 h3 ) + (V42 V32) /2 + g(Z4 - Z3)}
o
P

The process is isentropic and kinetic and potential energies are

neglected, then
0 - WT = m { (h 4 h3 ) + 0 + 0)}

WT = m (h 3 h4 )

wT = h 3 h4

kW
kJ/kg

o
C

Steam,
mo

mo

Turbine

Turbine
Power
WoT

Steam
Generator
Boiler

Rankine Cycle

Water, mo
Pump

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14

Heat
Added,
QoB

mo

Condenser
m

Cycle Analysis:
1
Pump Power,
W
Condenser 4-1
Steam is condensed at constant pressure in the condenser,
The condenser follows the SSSF process, then
QC - W = m { (h 1 h4 ) + (V12 V42) /2 + g(Z1 - Z4)}

Heat
Rejected, QoC

o
P

The process is isentropic and kinetic and potential energies are

neglected, then
QC - W = m { (h 1 h4 ) + 0 + 0)}
QC = m (h 1 h4 )
qC = h 1 h4

kW
kJ/kg

Steam,
mo

mo

Turbine

Turbine
Power
WoT

Steam
Generator
Boiler

Rankine Cycle

Water, mo
Pump

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Process 3-4 is an isentropic process so :

Pump Power,
WoP

s 3 = s4

Compare s4 with sf and sg at pcondenser if sf < s4 < sg

Calculate x4 as
Hence calculate
if s4 sg

15

Condenser
o

Heat
Added,
QoB

Calculation of h4

(sf & sfg at pc)

h4 = hf + x4 hfg

mo

(hf & hfg at pc)

read directly h4 from saturated or superheated tables.

Heat
Rejected, QoC

Steam,
mo

mo

Turbine

Turbine
Power
WoT

Steam
Generator
Boiler

Rankine Cycle

Water, mo
Pump

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Condenser
m

Cycle Efficiency:
Calculation of cycle efficiency

WT W p
W net
( h3 h4 ) ( h2 h1 )
R

QB
QB
h3 h2
Similarly:

(h 4 h 1 ) (h 3 h 2 ) (h 4 h 1 )
R 1
1

QB
(h 3 h 2 )
h 3 h 2
Rearranging the expression:

16

Heat
Added,
QoB

QC

(h 3 h 4 ) (h 2 h1 )
R
h3 h2

mo

Pump Power,
WoP

Heat
Rejected, QoC

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Example 9.1

17

Example 9.1: Determine the efficiency of a Rankine cycle utilizing

steam as the working fluid in which the condenser pressure is 10
kPa. The boiler pressure is 2 MPa. The steam leaves the boiler as
saturated vapor.
Solution
Pump:
P1 is known, saturated liquid; P2 is known.
First law:
wP = h2 h1
Second law:
s2 = s1
2
Since
s 2 = s 1,
h2 h1 = 1 v dp
Assuming the liquid to be incompressible,
Wp = v(P2- P1) = 0.001 01(2000 -10) = 2.0 kJ/kg
h = h + w = 191.8 + 2.0 = 193.8 kJ/kg

Example 9.1

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Boiler:
P2 and h2 are known; P3 is known, saturated vapor
First law:
qB = h3 h2
qB = h3 h2 = 2799.5 193.8 = 2605.7 kJ/kg

18

Turbine:
State 3 is known (above), P4 is known.
First law:
wT = h3 h4
Second law:
s 3 = s4
The quality at state 4 is obtained as follow:
s3 =s4 = 6.3409 = 0.6493 + x4 7.5009,
x4 = 0.7588
h4 = 191.8 + 0.7588(2392.8) = 2007.5 kJ/kg
wT = 2799.5 2007.5 = 792.0 kJ/kg

Example 9.1

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Condenser:
State 4 is known (above).
State 1 is known (above).
First law:
qc = h4 h1

19

qc = h4 h1 = 2007.5 191.8 = 1815.7 kJ/kg

Cycle Efficiency:

( h3 h4 ) ( h2 h1 ) 792 2

30.32%
h3 h2
2605.7

SOME IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN STEAM POWER

CYCLE
Specific

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20

Steam Consumption (SSC)

The steam circulated in the cycle, m, is proportional to the size

of the power plant that produces power. The ratio between the
steam flow rate and the net power produced by the cycle is
called the specific steam consumption (SSC). Lower values of
SSC refer to more efficient
power
plant. Thus:
o
o
m
m
1
SSC o
o

wnet
W net m wnet
The units of SSC are converted from (kg / kJ) to (kg / kWhr).
Then:

1
SSC
kg / kWhr 3600 s / hr
w net

3600
SSC
w net

kg / kWhr

SOME IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN STEAM POWER

CYCLE
Specific

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21

Fuel Consumption (SFC)

In boilers the heat transfer to the water, QB, is produced by the

combustion of fuel inside the boiler house. The energy released by
combustion is not usually transferred to the water completely, i.e. the
boiler is not 100% efficient to transfer heat of combustion to the
water. The ratio between the heat absorbed by the water in the
boiler, QB , and the heat produced by combustion is used to define
the boiler efficiency, . The difference between the heat released by
combustion and the heat transfer to the water is lost in the exhaust
gases through the boiler chimney and by the heat transfer through
the boiler walls. The heat produced by the combustion of 1 kg of fuel
is called heating value of fuel , HHV. Thus the heat released by
combustion is obtained from:

QF = mF x HHV

SOME IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN STEAM POWER

CYCLE
Specific

Fuel Consumption (SFC)

where mF is the rate of fuel consumption in the boiler. The boiler

efficiency, , is defined as:

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22

QB
o

QF

m (h 3 h 2 )
o

mF

HHV

One of the most important parameters in power stations is the ratio

between the rate of fuel consumed, mF , and the power produced by
the power station. This parameter is called the specific fuel
consumption, SFC. It is calculated
as: o
o
mF
mF
SFC o
o
W net
m w net

SOME IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN STEAM POWER

CYCLE
Specific

Fuel Consumption (SFC)

The units of the SFC are usually converted from (kg / kJ) to
(gm/kWhr). Then:

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23

SFC

mF

kg / kJ 1000 g / kg 3600 s / hr

m wnet
o

SFC

mF
o

m wnet

3.6 106

gm / kWhr

SOME IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN STEAM POWER

CYCLE
The

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Cooling Water Flow Rate in the Condenser

The steam in the condenser rejects heat to cooling water. Thus the
condenser is considered as a heat exchanger and the heat rejected by
the steam equals the heat absorbed by the cooling water. So,
o
o
Q C Q c. w
o
where Q c.w is the rate of heat absorbed by the cooling water. If the
mass flow rate of the cooling water is and its temperature rises from
Twi to Two , then
o

Q c.w m c.w (h wo h wi )
o

Q c.w m c.w C w (Two Twi )

24

SOME IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN STEAM POWER

CYCLE
The

Cooling Water Flow Rate in the Condenser

where Cw is the water specific heat ( = 4.18 kJ / kg K). Thus,

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Q C Q c. w

25

m(h 4 h 1 ) m c.w C w (Two Twi )

o

m(h 4 h 1 ) m c.w C w (Two Twi )

o
o
(h 4 h 1 )
m c. w m
C w (Two T wi )

The cooling water flow rate is about 50 times the steam flow rate.

EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ON

RANKINE CYCLE
The

Effect of the Condenser Pressure

T

C.P.

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2
2
2'

1'

26

4
4'

p4
p4'
x 4' x

As the condenser pressure decreases the work increases and the

efficiency increases.
The dryness fraction at the condenser inlet decreases

EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ON

RANKINE CYCLE
The

Effect of the Boiler Pressure

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2'
2
1

b
4'

4
a

27

3'

As the boiler pressure increases the work increases and the

efficiency increases.
The dryness fraction at the condenser inlet decreases

EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ON

RANKINE CYCLE
The

Effect of Superheating
T

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PB
2
PC
1

4
S

28

As the steam temperature increases the work increases and the

efficiency increases.
The dryness fraction at the condenser inlet increases.

EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ON

RANKINE CYCLE

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29

th

Condenser press.
Boiler press.
Superheating

Condenser press.
Boiler press.
Superheating

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Example 9.2, p. 357

30

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Rankine Cycle Modifications

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Rankine

31

Efficiency
R

Increasing

WT W p
QB

the Rankine efficiency needs:

Increase Turbine work

Decrease Boiler heat

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Rankine Cycle Modifications

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Increase

Turbine work

T
PB

T
PB

2
1

PC
4 4

1
S

32

This

5
4

2
PC

is Called Reheat

6
S

T
PB

5
4

Reheat

PC
6

S
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5
4

HP
T

LP
T

Boil
er

Conden
ser
1

33

HPT:
High
Pressur

LPT:
Low
Pressur

Pum
p

Example 9.3 p.360

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34

Consider a reheat cycle utilizing steam. Steam

leaves the boiler and enters the turbine at 4 MPa,
4000C. After expansion in the turbine to 400 kPa, the
steam is reheated to 4000C and then expanded in
the low-pressure turbine to 10 kPa. Determine the
cycle efficiency.

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Rankine Cycle Modifications

Boiler Heat

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Decrease

Regeneration

35

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Mohy Mansour - AUC

Regeneration

36

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Example 9.4 p.364

37

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Deviation of Actual Cycles from

Ideal Cycles

38

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Example 9.5 p.370

39

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Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

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LP
T

HP
T
6

Boil
er

Process
Heat
8

Conden
ser

40

HPT:
High
Pressur

LPT:
Low
Pressur

Pum
p

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Brayton Cycle

C
1

Fresh
air

41

combustion
chamber

W
net

T
4

Exhaust
gases

Brayton Cycle

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T
1

42

(Heat sink)

Wnet

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Brayton Cycle

Turbine

W
Comp.

Q
R

43

Brayton Cycle

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44

CYCLE ANALYSIS
Process 1-2 Isentropic compression in Compressor
Then
the second law s2 = s1
and
1
(10.1)
P
T

T1

P1
2

rp

where rp is the pressure ratio (ratio between maximum and

minimum pressure of the cycle)
The first law
q - w = (h2 h1) + k.e + p.e

wC = w1-2 = Cp (T1 T2)

WoC = mo Cp (T1 T2)

(-) ve

Brayton Cycle

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45

Process 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition

P3 = P2
The first law

q - w = (h2 h1) + k.e + p.e

QA = q2-3 = Cp (T3 T2)

QoA = mo Cp (T3 T2)

Process 3-4 Isentropic expansion in Turbine

Then
the second law s4 = s3 1

and

The first law

T3

T4

P3
P4

(+)ve

rp (10.2)

q - w = (h4 h3) + k.e + p.e

wT = w3-4 = Cp (T3 T4)
o

Brayton Cycle

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P4 = P1

The first law

q - w = (h1 h4) + k.e + p.e

qR = q4-1 = Cp (T1 T4)

QoR = mo Cp (T1 T4)

46

Process 4-1 constant pressure heat rejection

Net Work:
wnet = wT wC = qnet = qA qR

(-) ve

Brayton Cycle

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Thermal Efficiency, th

c p (T4 T1 )
QR
Wnet
th
1
1
QA
QA
c p (T3 T2 )

From

T2 T3

T1 T4

47

T4 T3

T1 T2

T1 (T4 / T1 1)
T2 (T3 / T2 1)

th

T1
1
T2

Brayton Cycle

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48

Thermal Efficiency, th

th

1
r
p

Brayton Cycle
Effect

of Pressure ratio on efficiency and

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power
T

Tmax
c

P=c
Tmin

49

P=c

Brayton Cycle
Effect

of Pressure ratio on efficiency and

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power

50

net

th
C

net,max

rp,max
rp

rp,max
rp

Brayton Cycle: Examples

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51

Example Brayton.1: In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air

enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa, 15 C. the pressure leaving
the compressor is 1.0 MPa and the maximum temperature in
the cycle is 1100 C. Determine:
The pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle.
The compressor work, turbine work and cycle efficiency.

Brayton Cycle: Examples

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52

Example Brayton.2: Consider a gas turbine with air entering

the compressor under the same conditions as in Example 10.1
and leaving at a pressure of 1.0 MPa. The maximum
temperature is 1100 0C. Assume a compressor isentropic
efficiency of 80%, a turbine isentropic efficiency of 85%.
Consider a pressure drop between the compressor and turbine
of 15 kPa. Determine the compressor work, turbine work, and
cycle efficiency.

Brayton Cycle: Examples

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53

Example Brayton.3: A gas turbine unit follows a modified

reheat Brayton cycle and operates between pressures of 100
kPa and 1.2 MPa with an inlet air temperature of 27 oC. The
temperatures at the first and second turbine inlets are the same
and equal 800 oC. Consider the compressor isentropic
efficiency is 88 % and the second turbine efficiency is 92 %. If
the first turbine is used to drive the compressor and the
intermediate pressure is 290 kPa, calculate:
The first turbine efficiency
The net work in kJ/kg
The cycle thermal efficiency

Brayton Cycle: Examples

Solution Example Brayton.3:

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QA1

Compressor

54

QA2
3

4
5
Wnet

Turbine1

Turbine2

Brayton Cycle: Examples

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Solution Example Brayton.3: Ideal cycle

T

4
6
2

55

Brayton Cycle: Examples

Solution Example Brayton.3: Actual cycle

Temperature, T C

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Re he at Brayton Cycle
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8
5.0
Entropy, s kJ/kg K
Actual cycle

56

5.2

Ise ntropic

5.4

5.6

Brayton Cycle: Examples

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57

Example Brayton.4: A gas turbine unit follows a modified

regenerative Brayton cycle with intercooling. The air enters the
first compressor at 100 kPa and 27 oC and leaves the second
compressor at 1.2 MPa. Assume the intercooling process is
perfect with minimum possible compressor work and both
compressors have an isentropic efficiency of 85%. The heat
added to the air before entering the turbine is 650 kJ/kg and the
heat exchanger effectiveness is 0.88. If the exhaust air
temperature after the heat exchanger is 200 oC, calculate:
The turbine inlet air temperature
The turbine isentropic efficiency
The turbine work
The cycle thermal efficiency

Brayton Cycle: Examples

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Solution Example Brayton.4: Flow diagram

8
2

Comp.1

1
1

58

Comp.2

Turbine

Brayton Cycle: Examples

Solution Example Brayton.4: Actual T-s diagram

1200
1000
800
600
400
200

(C
)

Tempe rature T

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G as Turbine with intercooling and regeneration

0
4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6
Entropy s
Actual

59

4.8

5.0

(kJ/kg K)
Isentropic

5.2

5.4

Brayton Cycle: Examples

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60

Example Brayton.5: A gas turbine unit applies intercooling,

reheating and regenerative modifications. The power
production is 40 MW. The air enters the first compressor at 1
bar and 27 oC and the maximum temperature in the cycle is
1100 oC. The pressure ratio is 10 and the intermediate pressure
is selected for perfect intercooling and maximum power output.
The reheat temperature is 800 oC and the compressors and
turbines are assumed isentropic. If the heat exchanger
effectiveness is 0.88, calculate the cycle thermal efficiency and
mass flow rate. Calculate the exhaust gas temperature.
(Assume air throughout the cycle with constant specific heat)

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Example: 10.3

61

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Example: 10.5

62

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Assignment 2

63

9.13,
Due

9.20, 9.21, 9.26, 9.29, 9.30, 9.31

date:

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Assignment 3

64

9.53,

9.57, 9.61, 9. 32, 9.37, 9.40, 9.42, 9.47,

9.50, 9.64

Due

date:

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Assignment 4

65

10.26

(add thermal efficiency), 10.30, 10.33,

10.45, 10.53

Due

date:

Reheat
Boiler
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Turbine

2
Condenser
2

1
Pump

66

3'

6'

Air-Standard Cycle For SI Engines:

Otto Cycle

Temperature, T

Pressure, P

4
1

67

TDC

BDC Volume, V

2
4
1
Entropy, S