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CPO Science

Foundations of
Physics

Unit 6, Chapter

Unit 6: Light and Optics


Chapter 17 Light and Color
17.1 Reflection and Refraction
17.2 Mirrors, Lenses, and Images
17.3 Optical Systems

Chapter 17 Objectives
1. Describe the functions of convex and concave
lenses, a prism, and a flat mirror.
2. Describe how light rays form an image.
3. Calculate the angles of reflection and
refraction for a single light ray.
4. Draw the ray diagram for a lens and a mirror
showing the object and image.
5. Explain how a fiber-optic circuit acts like a
pipe for light.
6. Describe the difference between a real image
and a virtual image and give an example of
each.

Chapter 17 Vocabulary Terms

lens
mirror
prism
optics
geometric
optics
specular
reflection
diffuse
converging
diverging
law of reflection
normal line
ray diagram
magnification
object

index of
refraction
focal point
focal length
optical axis
light ray
magnification
critical angle
Snells law
real image
virtual image
chromatic
aberration
refraction
fiber optics
dispersion

magnifying
glass
spherical
aberration
reflection
diffraction
telescope
focus
total internal
reflection
resolution
pixel image
focal plane
thin lens
formula

17.1 Reflection and Refraction


Key Question:
How do we describe
the reflection and
refraction of light?

*Students read Section


17.1 AFTER
Investigation 17.1

17.1 Reflection and Refraction


The overall study of how light behaves is
called optics.
The branch of optics that focuses on the
creation of images is called geometric optics,
because it is based on relationships between
angles and lines that describe light rays.

17.1 Reflection and Refraction


A lens is an optical
device that is used to
bend light in a specific
way.
A converging lens bends
light so that the light
rays come together to a
point.
A diverging lens bends
light so it spreads light
apart instead of coming
together.

17.1 Reflection and Refraction


Mirrors reflect light and allow us to see ourselves.
A prism is another optical device that can cause
light to change directions.
A prism is a solid piece of glass with flat polished
surfaces.

17.1 Reflection
Images appear in mirrors
because of how light is
reflected by mirrors.
The incident ray follows the
light falling onto the mirror.
The reflected ray follows
the light bouncing off the
mirror.

17.1 Reflection
In specular reflection each incident ray
bounces off in a single direction.
A surface that is not shiny creates diffuse
reflection.
In diffuse reflection, a single ray of light
scatters into many directions.

Law of Reflection
The incident
ray strikes the
mirror.

The angle of
incidence
equals the
angle of
reflection.

The reflected
ray bounces
off.

17.1 Law of reflection

30o

30o

A light ray is incident on a plane mirror with a


30 degree angle of incidence.
Sketch the incident and reflected rays and
determine the angle of reflection.

17.1 Refraction
Light rays may bend as
they cross a boundary
from one material to
another, like from air to
water.
This bending of light rays
is known as refraction.
The light rays from the
straw are refracted (or
bent) when they cross
from water back into air
before reaching your
eyes.

17.1 Refraction
When a ray of light crosses from one material to another,
the amount it bends depends on the difference in index
of refraction between the two materials.

17.1 Index of refraction


The ability of a material to bend rays of light is
described by the index of refraction (n).

17.1 Snell's law of refraction


Snells law is the relationship between the
angles of incidence and refraction and the
index of refraction of both materials.

Angle of incidence
(degrees)

Index of
refraction of
incident
material

Angle of refraction
(degrees)

ni sin i= nr sin
r
Index of

refraction of
refractive
material

17.1 Calculate the angle of


refraction
A ray of light traveling
through air is incident
on a smooth surface
of water at an angle of
30 to the normal.
Calculate the angle of
refraction for the ray
as it enters the water.

17.1 Dispersion and prisms

When white light passes through a glass


prism, blue is bent more than red.
Colors between blue and red are bent
proportional to their position in the spectrum.

17.1 Dispersion and prisms


The variation in
refractive index with
color is called
dispersion.
A rainbow is an example
of dispersion in nature.
Tiny rain droplets act as
prisms separating the
colors in the white light
rays from the sun.

17.2 Mirrors, Lenses, and Images


Key Question:
How does a lens or
mirror form an image?

*Students read Section


17.2 AFTER
Investigation 17.2

17.2 Mirrors, Lenses, and Images


We see a world of images created on the retina
of the eye by the lens in the front of the eye.

17.2 Mirrors, Lenses, and Images


Objects are real
physical things that
give off or reflect light
rays.
Images are pictures
of objects that are
formed in space
where light rays
meet.

17.2 Mirrors, Lenses, and Images


The most common image we see every day is our
own reflection in a mirror.
The image in a mirror is called a virtual image
because the light rays do not actually come together.

The virtual image in a


flat mirror is created
by the eye and brain.

17.2 Mirrors, Lenses, and Images


Light rays that enter a converging lens parallel to its
axis bend to meet at a point called the focal point.
The distance from the center of the lens to the focal
point is called the focal length.
The optical axis usually goes through the center of
the lens.

17.2 The image formed by a lens


A lens can form a virtual image just as a mirror does.
Rays from the same point on an object are bent by the
lens so that they appear to come from a much larger
object.

17.2 The image formed by a lens


A converging lens can also form a real image.
In a real image, light rays from the object
actually come back together.

17.2 Drawing ray diagrams


A ray diagram is the best way to understand
what type of image is formed by a lens, and
whether the image is magnified or inverted.
These three rays follow the rules for how light
rays are bent by the lens:
1. A light ray passing through the center of the
lens is not deflected at all (A).
2. A light ray parallel to the axis passes
through the far focal point (B).
3. A light ray passing through the near focal
point emerges parallel to the axis (C).

17.3 Optical Systems


Key Question:
How are the properties
of images determine?

*Students read Section


17.3 AFTER
Investigation 17.3

17.3 Optical Systems


An optical system is a collection of mirrors,
lenses, prisms, or other optical elements that
performs a useful function with light.
Characteristics of optical systems are:
The location, type, and magnification of the
image.
The amount of light that is collected.
The accuracy of the image in terms of
sharpness, color, and distortion.
The ability to change the image, like a
telephoto lens on a camera.
The ability to record the image on film or
electronically.

17.3 The sharpness of an image


Defects in the image are called aberrations
and can come from several sources.

Chromatic aberration is caused by dispersion,


when different colors focus at different
distances from the lens.

17.3 The sharpness of an image


Spherical aberration causes a blurry
image because light rays farther from
the axis focus to a different point than
rays near the axis.

17.3 The sharpness of an image


Diffraction causes a point on an object to
focus as a series of concentric rings
around a bright spot.

17.3 Thin lens formula


The thin lens formula is a mathematical way to do
ray diagrams with algebra instead of drawing lines
on graph paper.

Object
distance
(cm)

1 +1 =
1
do
di
df

Image distance
(cm)

focal
length (cm)

17.3 Use the thin lens formula

Calculate the location of the image if the


object is 6 cm in front of a converging lens
with a focal length of 4 cm.

17.3 Image relay


A technique known as image relay is used to
analyze an optical system made of two or
more lenses.

Application: The Telescope

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