Kelembagaan Pertanian

Kelembagaan
Kelompok
Organisasi
Lembaga/Pranata

Group
Central Feature

Definition

Categorization

A group is two or more individuals . . . [who]

perceive themselves to be members of the
same social category ( J. C. Turner, 1982, p.
15).

Communication

We mean by a group a number of persons

who communicate with one another, often
over a span of time, and who are few enough
so that each person is able to communicate
with all the others, not at second hand,
through other people, but face-to-face
(Homans,
1950, p. 1).

Central Feature

Definition

Influence

Two or more persons who are interacting with

one another in such a manner that each person
influences and is influenced by each other
person (M. E. Shaw, 1981, p. 454).

Interaction

A group is a social system involving regular

interaction among members and a common
group identity. This means that groups have a
sense of weness that enables members to
identify themselves as belonging to a distinct
entity (A. G. Johnson, 1995, p. 125).

Central Feature

Definition

Interdependence

A group is a collection of individuals who have

relations to one another that make them
interdependent to some significant degree
(Cartwright & Zander, 1968, p. 46).

Interrelation

A group is an aggregation of two or more

people who are to some degree in dynamic
interrelation with one another (McGrath, 1984,
p. 8).

Psychological
Significance

A psychological group is any number of people

who interact with each other, are
psychologically aware of each other, and
perceive themselves to be in a group (D. C.
Pennington, 2002, p. 3).

Central Feature

Definition

Shared
Identification

A group . . . is two or more people possessing a

common social identification and whose
existence as a group is recognized by a third
party (R. Brown, 2000, p. 19).

Shared Tasks and

Goals

A group is defined as three or more people who

work together interdependently on an agreedupon activity or goal (Keyton, 2002,p. 5).

Central Feature

Definition

Structure

A group is a social unit which consists of a

number of individuals who stand in (more or
less) definite status and role relationships to one
another and which possesses a set of values or
norms of its own regulating the behavior of
individual members, at least in matters of
consequence to the group (Sherif & Sherif,
1956, p. 144).

Systems

Groups are open and complex systems . . . a

complex, adaptive, dynamic, coordinated, and
bounded set of patterned relations among
members, tasks, and tools (Arrow, McGrath, &
Berdahl, 2000, p. 34).

Type of Groups
Type of Groups

Defiinition

Primary groups

Small, long-term groups characterized Families,

close friends, tightby
face-to-face interaction and high knit peer
groups, gangs, elite levels of cohesiveness,
solidarity, and military squads
member identification

Secondary groups

Larger, less intimate, more goal-focused

Congregations, work groups typical of more
complex groups, unions, professional societies
associations

Type of Groups
Type of Groups

Defiinition

Planned groups

Deliberately formed by the members

themselves or by an external authority,
usually for some specific purpose or
purposes

Concocted

Planned by individuals or authorities

Production lines, military,
outside the group units, task forces, crews,
professional sports teams

Founded

Planned by one or more individuals.

Study groups, small businesses,
who remain within the group expeditions, clubs,
associations

Type of Groups
Type of Groups

Defiinition

Emergent group

Groups that form spontaneously as individuals

find themselves repeatedly interacting with the
same subset of
individuals over time and settings

Circumstantial

Emergent, unplanned groups that arise

Waiting lines (queues), crowds, when external,
situational forces set mobs, audiences, by
standers
the stage for people to join together,
often only temporarily, in a unified
group

Type of Groups
Type of Groups

Defiinition

Self-Organizing

Emerge when interacting individuals Study

groups, friendship cliques gradually align their
activities in a in a workplace, regular patrons
cooperative system of interdependence at a bar
Intimacy groups Small groups of moderate
duration and Families, romantic couples, close
permeability characterized by friends, street
gangs
substantial levels of interaction among
the members, who value membership
in the group

Task Groups

Work groups in employment settings Teams,

neighborhood associations and goal-focused
groups in a variety
of non employment situations

Lembaga (Institutions)
Norman T. Uphoff, Lembaga merupakan
serangkaian norma dan perilaku yang sudah
digunakan dalam kurun waktu tertentu secara
terus menerus untuk mencapai tujuan
bersama atau maksud lain yang bersifat
sosial.
MacMilllan, lembaga merupakan seperangkat
hubungan norma-norma, keyakinan dan nilainilai yang nyata, yang terpusat pada
kebutuhan sosial dan serangkaian tindakan
penting dan berulang

 Lembaga setidaknya mencakup tiga tingkatan:

Tingkatan nilai kultural yang menjadi acuan bagi
kelompok di bawahnya
Mencakup aturan yang mengkhususkan pada aturan
main
Mencakup pengaturan yang berfungsi untuk
membentuk suatu hubungan timbal-balik yang
harmonis

Lembaga ada untuk memenuhi kebutuhan

kebutuhan satu kelompok manusia bukan
perorangan

Kelembagaan Pertanian
Terdiri atas kelompok-kelompok yang
aktivitasnya berbasis pada usahatani.
Hasil penelitian Wahyuni 2003
menyebutkan ada 17 macam lembaga
dalam sistem usatani.
Kelembagaan Pertanian menata dan
mengatur fungsi kelompok usahatani
untuk meningkatkan produksi usahatani
oleh petani, nilai kehidupan petani, dan
nilai ekonomi petani.

Lembaga dalam SUT

Kelompok Tani
Kelompok Wanita
Tani
Perkumpulan Petani
Pemakai Air
Kontak Tani Nelayan
Andalan
Gapoktan
Penyuluh Pertanian
Lapangan

Koperasi Tani
Kelompok Arisan
Kelompok Simpan
Pinjam
Kios Saprodi
Pengepul/Tengkulak
Pasar
Jasa Angkutan
Alsintan
Lumbung Padi
LSM

Sejarah Pembentukan KT
Tahun 1948,
pembentukan KT
berawal saat
kebijakan
pemerintah
membentuk BPMD
(Balai Pendidikan
Masyarakat Desa)

Program BIMAS dimulai

Tahun 1968,
Dilanjutkan INSUS 1979
SUPRA INSUS
1987/1988
KT dibentuk untuk
mensukseskan
swasembada Beras
KT harus berbasis PadiPadi Palawija

Farmer Groups
Development of Farmer Group in Java

Percentage of Farmer Group Classification on 2001

40000
50
35000

45

30000

40

25000

35
2011

20000

2012
2013

15000
10000

30
25
20
15

5000
10
0
5
0

Beginner Pre-Intermediate Intermediate

Advanced

FG in Indonesia FG in Java FG in Yogyakarta

17

Farmer Groups
Percentage of Farmer Group Classification in Yogyakarta on 2001&2012

50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
Percentage 25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00

Year
2001
2012

Beginner

Beginner
56
862

Pre-Intermediate

Pre-Intermediate
1590
2076

Intermediate

Advanced

Intermediate
1849
1370

18

Advanced
346
145

Permasalahan Kelompok
Tani
Orientasi teknis pada
kegiatan pemerintah
Partisipasi dan
Keaktifan Rendah
Pengelolaan kegiatan
produktif bersifat
individu
Pembentukan dan
penguatan
kelembagaan tidak
berdasarkan
kemandirian lokal

Pembentukan KT
berdasarkan Topdown dengan blueprint approach
Pendekatan Topdown menghambat
kemandirian petani

Bagan Kelembagaan Petani

Para
Petani

Kelompo
k Tani

Wahana
Belajar

Wahana
Bersosialisasi

Unit
Produksi

GAPOKTA
N
Unit
Penyedia
Input
Processin
g Unit
Unit
Pemasar
an
Unit Jasa
Keuanga
n

Asosiasi

Koperasi
Agro
Entrepris
e

Kelembagaan Saprodi (Pupuk

Bersubsidi)
FG makes a proposal of
fertilizer necessity

FG makes a proposal
of fertilizer necessity

Government
Government
Fertilizer Distributor
Fertilizer Distributor

Village cooperative
unit
Farmers

21

After
200
3

FG makes a proposal of
fertilizer necessity

Government

Fertilizer Distributor

Village authorized input

shop

Village authorized input

shop

Individual Farmers

Garongan FG

Bugel FG

Individual Farmers

Kelembagaan Pemasaran Cabe

Before collective marketing began

Whole sale traders

Java & Sumatera

Whole sale
traders

Assembler
Trader inside

Assembler
traders
outside
Intermediate
traders

Subintermediate
traders inside

Garongan chili farmers

After collective marketing began

Assembler
Trader inside

Retailer
or Local
Consume
r Market
Yogyakart
a

Assembler
traders
outside

Intermediate
traders
Subintermediate
traders inside
Garongan chili farmers

Source: Field Survey, 2012

22

Collectiv
e
Marketin
g
(Auction)