Reproduction

4.1 Sexual and Asexual

Reproduction
1.One characteristics of living things is the ability to
reproduce.
2.Reproduction the production of new
individuals from living organisms.
3.There are two types of reproduction :

.Sexual reproduction
.Asexual reproduction

Sexual Reproduction
1.Sexual reproduction involves two parents of
different sexes.
2.It involves the fusion of sex cells. A male gamete
fertilises a female gamete and a zygote is formed.

Sexual Reproduction
3. The fusion of genetic materials from the two gametes
results in the production of a new individual with
variations.
4. Fertilisation The fusion/ combination of the nuclei
of a sperm and an ovum.
5. There are two types of fertilisation :

External fertilisation
Internal fertilisation

Sexual Reproduction
6. Internal fertilisation

Takes place in the body of the female

The male animal puts the male reproductive cell into the
female reproductive system for fertilisation to take place

Internal fertilisation takes place in mammals, reptiles, birds

and insects
7. External fertilisation

Takes place outside the body of the female animal

Ovum and sperm are produced respectively by the female
and male animal at the same time into water for fertilisation
to take place
External fertalisation takes place in fish, frogs and toads.

Sexual Reproduction
7. Disadvantages of external fertilisation are :
1.A lot of reproductive cells need to be produced.
2.A lot of reproductive cells die before fertilisation occurs.
3.A lot of ovum and sperms are wasted, as they are
washed away by water.
4.The zygote or embryo produces may be eaten by other
animals.

Asexual Reproduction
1.Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. It
does not involve sex cells.
2.Fertilisation of gametes does not take place.
3.New individual that are formed are identical to the
parent and contain the same genetic materials as the
parent.
4.The advantage is that it requires only one individual
to reproduce.

Asexual Reproduction
5. The disadvantage is that there is no variation of characteristics
in the new individuals.
6. Asexual reproduction is carried out by lower level animals
(unicellular microrganism) such as Amoeba, Paramecium, Hydra
and plants like onions, ginger, mosses and algae.
7. Five types of asexual reproduction :

1-Binary fission (ammar,natasha, alif, aliff, ellysha) (mei jing, sum ning, kai lin,
kar mun)

2-Budding (afiqah, nasirah, sweet, hazni) (alishya, amina, yusrina, farhan, zariff)
3-Spore formation (danial, hazim, sing an, jing qiang, nicholas) (adlan2, ian,
sean, wei jet)

4-Vegetative reproduction (farris, jason) (dini, davisha, eunice, kamil, afiq)

5-Rejuvenation/ Regeneration (nahar, michael, fiqry, tony) (aini, ainaa, farhana,
amir)

Binary Fission
1.Binary fission is the division of a single parent cell
into two identical daughter cells.
2.E.g : Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, spirogyra and
bacteria.

Euglena dividing into two separate organisms by splitting down the

middle (Binary Fission)

Budding
1.Budding is the process of
bud formation at the side of
the parent organism.
2.E.g Hydra and Yeast.
3.A bud starts off as a swelling
which grows bigger to
resemble the parent.
4.The bud becomes mature
and finally drops off from the
parent and then becomes a
new individual.

Spore Formation
1.Spore formation occurs in nonflowering plants such as mosses,
ferns , mushroom, mucor and
fungus. These plants are able to
produce spores.
2.Spores are produced by cell division
in the sporangium of a moss.

Fern with spores

3.The mature sporangium then bursts

open to release mature spores.
4.The spores are small and light. They
are scattered by the wind.
5.When the spores fall on a suitable
environment, they germinate and

grow.

Mucor with spores

Vegetative Reproduction
1.Vegetative reproduction is the formation of new plants from the
vegetative structures of a flowering plant other than the flowers.
2.Example of vegetative structures are the leaves, bulbs, rhizomes,
suckers and tubers.
3.E.g of plants that reproduce by vegetative reproduction are ginger,
onions, bananas and potatoes.

Vegetative Reproduction

Bryophyllum ( leaves)

tulip ( bulb)

ginger ( underground stem)

Regeneration/ Rejuvenation
1.Regeneration is the ability of the fragments of
certain organisms to grow and develop into
completely new individuals.
2.E.g flatworms (planaria), starfish, leeches

Comparing Sexual and

Asexual Reproduction
Sexual
Reprodu
ction
Involves
two
parents

Asexual
Reprodu
ction
Involves
only one
parent

Involves
gametes

Does
not
involve
gametes

Involve

Does

4.2 Male Reproduction System

1.The male reproductive system consist of the following
parts.