Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
GSM Fundamentals
www.huawei.com
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
equipment from
different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different
administrations, including operation across international boundaries.
GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities.
They are consistent with the world-wide digitization of the telephone
Page 5
radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of
radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by
each group of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
Page 6
Hence the subscriber is able to move around and become fully mobile.
The service area in which mobile communication is to be provided is divided into regions
called cells.
Each cell has the equipment to transmit and receive calls from any subscriber located within
Cell
Radio
Mobile subscriber
Page 7
1991
1992
1994
1996
Page 8
Cell Definitions
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that connected to a set of
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS covers a
wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only provide a few
channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with high
capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to improve the
efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of the network.
Page 9
Technique :
1) FDMA
2) TDMA and
3) CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA
together).
Page 10
FDMA
Frequency
to accomplish communication.
The whole frequency spectrum available is
Time
Page 11
TDMA
Frequency
TDMA
accomplishes
the
communication
in
different
timeslot.
Time
Page 12
CDMA
Frequency
CDMA
accomplishes
the
communication in different code
sequences.
Time
Page 13
Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
GSM systems use radio frequencies between 890-915 MHz for receive and between 935-960 MHz for
transmit.
RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 124 carriers for use.
Uplink
890
Downlink
915
935
960MHz
Page 14
Frequency Spectrum
Extended GSM(EGSM)
880
890
DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
915
925
935
Page 15
960
Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800
DCS1800 systems use radio frequencies between 1710-1785 MHz for receive and
between 1805-1880 MHz for transmit.
RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 373 carriers.
1710
1880MHz
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
1785 1805
All rights reserved
Page 16
Frequency Spectrum
Page 17
Page 18
Features of GSM
INCREASED CAPACITY
The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems.
GSM allows 25 kHz per user, that is, eight conversations per 200 kHz channel pair (a
pair comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel).
Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to
interference from cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel
interference).
Page 19
Features of GSM
AUDIO QUALITY
Digital transmission of speech and high performance digital signal processors provide good
quality speech transmission.
Since GSM is a digital technology, the signals passed over a digital air interface can be protected
against errors by using better error detection and correction techniques.
In regions of interference or noise-limited operation the speech quality is noticeably better than
analogue.
Standard interfaces such as C7 and X25 are used throughout the system. Hence different
manufacturers can be selected for different parts of the PLMN.
Page 20
Features of GSM
IMPROVED SECURITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
The GSM system provides for high degree of confidentiality for the
subscriber. Calls are encoded and ciphered when sent over air.
Page 21
Features of GSM
CLEANER HANDOVERS
The mobile itself carries out the signal strength and quality measurement of its
server and signal strength measurement of its neighbors.
This data is passed on the Network which then uses sophisticated algorithms to
determine the need of handover.
SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION
In a GSM system the mobile station and the subscriber are identified separately.
This enables the subscriber to use different mobile equipment while retaining
the same subscriber number.
Page 22
Features of GSM
ENHANCED RANGE OF SERVICES
Cell broadcast for transmission of text message from the cell to all
MS in its coverage area. Message like traffic information or
advertising can be transmitted.
Fax and data services are provided. Data rates available are 2.4 Kb/s,
4.8 Kb/s and 9.6 Kb/s.
Page 23
Features of GSM
FREQUENCY REUSE
There are total 124 carriers in GSM900 (additional 50 carriers are available in EGSM band).
Each carrier has 8 timeslots and if 7 can be used for traffic then a maximum of 868 ( 124 X 7 )
calls can be made. This is not enough and hence frequencies have to be reused.
The same RF carrier can be used for many conversations in several different cells at the same
time.
The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in different places.
3
4
7
6
2
1
Page 24
Frequency Reuse
7
11
6
10
8
12
Page 25
Cell Types
Omni
Omni-directional Cell
1
1
120
degree
3
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 26
Page 27
PSTN
ISDN
GMSC
BSC
HLR/AUC
BTS
PCU
SS7
BSC
MS
SMS system
BTS
Internet,
Intranet
GPRS Backbone
SGSN
OMC
CG
GGSN
BG
Other PLMN
Page 28
PSTN
ISDN
GMSC
Abis
BSC
BTS
PCU
SS7
Gb
BSC
MS Um
HLR/AUC
C/D/Gs
Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge
BTS
SMS system
Gc
GPRS backbone
SGSN
Ga
OMC
CG
Gi
GGSN
BG
Gp
Internet,
Intranet
Page 29
Other PLMN
Mobile StationMS
An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the mobile
network. Several types of MSs exist, each allowing the subscriber to make and
receive calls.
The range or coverage area of an MS depends on the output power of the MS.
A mobile terminal
A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
In GSM the subscriber is separated from the mobile terminal. Each
Page 30
Mobile StationMS
Mobiles
five
classes
SIM
Page 31
BSC
BSS
BTS
The Trans-coder TC and Sub
multiplexer (SM)
TC/SM
TC/SM
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
Page 32
The BSS is the fixed end of the radio interface that provides control and radio coverage
functions for one or more cells and their associated MSs.
The BSS comprises one or more Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs), each containing the radio
components that communicate with MSs in a given area, and a Base Site Controller (BSC)
which supports call processing functions and the interfaces to the MSC.
Digital radio techniques are used for the radio communications link, known as the Air Interface,
between the BSS and the MS.
Page 33
Transcoder
The speech transcoder is the interface between the 64 kbit/s PCM channel in the land network and
the 13 kbit/s channel used on the Air Interface.
This reduces the amount of information carried on the Air Interface and hence, its bandwidth.
If the 64 kbits/s PCM is transmitted on the air interface without occupation, it would occupy an
excessive amount of radio bandwidth. This would use the available radio spectrum inefficiently.
The required bandwidth is therefore reduced by processing the 64 kbits/s PCM data so that the
amount of information required to transmit digitized voice falls to 13kb/s.
The XCDR can multiplex 4 traffic channels into a single 64 kbit/s timeslot. Thus a E1/T1 serial
link can carry 4 times as many channels.
This can reduce the number of E1/T1 leased lines required to connect remotely located equipment.
When the transcoder is between the MSC and the BSC it is called a remote transcoder (RXCDR).
Page 34
Transcoder
30 Timeslots
1 traffic channel / TS
64 Kbps / TS
4 E1 lines = 30 X 4
=120 Timeslots
MSC
XCDR
BSC
16
All rights reserved
31
Page 35
The BSC network element provides the control for the BSS.
It controls and manages the associated BTSs, and interfaces with the Operations and
Maintenance Centre (OMC).
The purpose of the BSC is to perform a variety of functions. The following comprise the
functions provided by the BSC:
Provides the O & M link (OML) between the BSS and the OMC.
Page 36
Page 37
BTS Connectivity
Open ended Daisy Chain
MSC
BSC
BTS12
BTS13
BTS14
Star
BTS5
BTS11
BTS1
Daisy Chain with
a fork. Fork has a
return loop back
to the chain
BTS4
BTS2
BTS11
BTS6
BTS7
BTS3
BTS8
Page 38
BTS9
and BSC
Provide Pb and Gb
interface
BSS
TC/SM
TC/SM
BSC
BSC
GPRS
Backbone
PCU
PCU
BTS
BTS
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 39
SGSN
SGSN
AUC
AUC
HLR
HLR
EIR
EIR
EC
EC
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
MSC
HLR
VLR
EIR
AUC
EC
All rights reserved
BSS
Page 40
PSTN
The Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC) co-ordinates the setting up of calls to and
from GSM users.
It is the telephone switching office for MS originated or terminated traffic and provides the
appropriate bearer services, teleservices and supplementary services.
It controls a number of Base Station Sites (BSSs) within a specified geographical coverage
area and gives the radio subsystem access to the subscriber and equipment databases.
The MSC carries out several different functions depending on its position in the network.
When the MSC provides the interface between PSTN and the BSS in the GSM network it
is called the Gateway MSC.
Some important functions carried out by MSC are Call processing including control of
data/voice call setup, inter BSS & inter MSC handovers, control of mobility management,
Operation & maintenance support including database management, traffic metering and
man machine interface & managing the interface between GSM & PSTN N/W.
Page 41
The HLR contains the master database of all subscribers in the PLMN.
This data is remotely accessed by the MSCs and VLRs in the network. The data can also be
accessed by an MSC or a VLR in a different PLMN to allow inter-system and inter-country
roaming.
A PLMN may contain more than one HLR, in which case each HLR contains a portion of the
total subscriber database. There is only one database record per subscriber.
Page 42
The details are held in the VLR until the subscriber moves into the area
serviced by another VLR.
The data includes most of the information stored at the HLR, as well as more
precise location and status information.
The VLR provides the system elements local to the subscriber, with basic
information on that subscriber, thus removing the need to access the HLR every
time subscriber information is required.
Page 43
Page 44
assigned IDs
Black List: Service
denied
If NOT found
Page 45
The OMC controls and monitors the Network elements within a region.
The OMC also monitors the quality of service being provided by the Network.
The alarms generated by the Network elements are reported and logged at the
OMC. The OMC-R Engineer can monitor and analyse these alarms and take
appropriate action like informing the maintenance personal.
The OMC keeps on collecting and accumulating traffic statistics from the
network elements for analysis.
Page 46
Security
Management
Event/Alarm
Management
MMI
OS
DB
Fault
Management
Configuration
Management
Performance
Management
Page 47
Different
Interfaces
in
GSM
Page 48
Terrestrial Interface
The terrestrial interfaces comprises all the connections between the GSM system
entities ,apart from the Um or air interface.
The terrestrial interfaces transport the traffic across the system and allows the
passage of thousands of data messages to make the system function.
2 Mb/s
Page 49
Interface Names
Each interface specified in GSM has a name associated with it.
NAME
INTERFACE
Um
MS ----- BTS
Abis
Ater
Page 50
the MSC to the BSCs and from the BSCs to the BTSs.
It represents the physical layer in the OSI model.
Each 2 Mb/s link provides 30 traffic channels available to carry speech ,data or
control information.
Typical Configuration
TS 0
TS 1-15
TS 16
TS 17 - 31
Page 51
Page 52
Service Area
Service Area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area
MSC service area...
Location area...
Location area...
cell
cell
Page 53
......
LAI
MCC
MNC
LAC
Page 54
CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
Page 55
identify
BSIC
BSIC Base Station Identification Color Code)
NCC
BCC
BSIC
Page 56
MSISDN
CC
NDC
SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
Page 57
IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits
2 digits
MCC
MNC
MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 58
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber
authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and
the operator.
Page 59
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC
FAC
SNR
SP
IMEI
TAC:
TAC: Type
Type approval
approval code,
code, 66 bit,
bit, determined
determined by
by the
the type
type approval
approval center
center
FAC:
FAC: Final
Final assembly
assembly code,
code, 22 bit,
bit, ItIt isis determined
determined by
by the
the manufacturer.
manufacturer.
SNR:
SNR: Serial
Serial number,
number,66 bits,
bits, ItIt isis issued
issued by
by the
the manufacturer
manufacturer of
of the
the MS.
MS.
SP:
SP: 11 bit
bit ,, Not
Not used.
used.
Check
Check the
the IMEI
IMEI in
in your
your MS
MS :: *#06#
*#06#
Page 60
Page 61
Handover
The GSM handover process uses a mobile assisted technique for accurate and fast
handovers, in order to:
The BSS measures the uplink performance for the MS being served and also assesses the
signal strength of interference on its idle traffic channels.
Page 62
Handover
Page 63
Handover
MS END
MS measurements include:
Serving cell downlink quality (bit error rate (BER) estimate.
Serving cell downlink received signal level, and six best neighbor
cells downlink received signal level.
The MS also decodes the Base Station ID Code (BSIC) from the six
best neighbor cells, and reports the BSICs and the measurement
information to the BSS.
Page 64
Handover
BTS END
The BTS measures the uplink link quality, received signal level, and MS
to BTS site distance.
Page 65
Handover Types
Intra-Cell Handover
BSC
BTS
Call is handed
from timeslot 3 to timeslot 5
Handover takes place in the same cell from one timeslot to another timeslot of the same carrier
or different carriers( but the same cell).
Page 66
Intra-BSC Handover
BSC1
0
BTS1
Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the same BSC.
Page 67
Inter-BSC Handover
BSC1
0
BTS1
BTS2
Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the different BSC.
MSC
BSC2
Page 68
Inter-MSC Handover
MSC1
BSS1
BTS1
MSC2
BSS2
BTS2
Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the different BSC and each BSC is
controlled by different MSC.
Page 69
Frequency Hopping
f1
f4
Modulated
RF signal
f3
f2
Voice
M
OT
O
R
OL
A
Information is
transmitted
by different frequencies
at
different timeslot
All rights reserved
Page 70
f1
63250/ 0/0/
1
Page 71
Types of Hopping
Base Band Hopping (BBH)
Page 72
Types of Hopping
Synthesiser Frequency Hopping (SFH)
Page 73
Page 74
Location Update
MSC should always know the location of the MS so that it can contact it by sending pages whenever
required.
The mobile keeps on informing the MSC about its current location area or whenever it changes from one
LA to another.
3 digits
1-2 digits
Max 16 bits
MCC
MNC
LAC
maximum length of LAC is 16 bits. Thus 65536 different LA can be defined in one GSM
PLMN.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 75
IMSI attach
Page 76
IMSI Attach
Saves the network from paging a MS which is not active in the system.
When MS is turned off or SIM is removed the MS sends a detach signal to the
Network. It is marked as detached.
When the MS is powered again it reads the current LAI and if it is same does a
location update type IMSI attach.
To avoid this the MS has to inform the MSC about its current LAI in a set period
of time.
Page 77
Page 78
Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection
Reflections occur from the surface of the earth and from buildings and walls.
Diffraction (Shadowing)
Occurs when the path is blocked by an object with large dimensions relative to
and sharp irregularities (edges).
Scattering
Occurs when a wave impinges upon an object with dimensions on the order of
or less, causing the reflected energy to spread out orscatter in many directions.
Small objects such as street lights, signs, & leaves cause scattering.
Page 79
Multipath
Multiple Waves Create Multipath
Due to propagation mechanisms, multiple waves arrive at the receiver
Sometimes this includes a direct Line-of-Sight (LOS) signal
Page 80
Multipath
Multipath Propagation
These fluctuations are not the same as the propagation path loss.
Page 81
What is Fading?
The communication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly
non-LOS.
The LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver is affected by terrain and obstructed by
buildings and other objects.
The RF signal from the transmitter is scattered by reflection and diffraction and reaches the
receiver through many non-LOS paths.
This non-LOS path causes long-term and short term fluctuations in the form of log-normal
fading and Raleigh and Rican fading, which degrades the performance of the RF channel.
Page 82
Rayleigh fading
This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
The Raleigh fading is applicable to obstructed propagation paths.
All the signals are NLOS signals and there is no dominant direct path.
Signals from all paths have comparable signal strengths.
The instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna becomes a random variable
Page 83
Ricean fading
This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
In this case there is a partially scattered field.
One dominant signal.
Others are weaker.
Page 84
Diversity
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both overcoming the impact of
fading across the radio channel and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e. low enough correlated) fading
between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the same time.
Building
Building
Building
Page 85
Need of Diversity
Page 86
Kind of Diversity
t
Time diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
f
Frequency hopping
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
Page 87
Interference
Interference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal.
Page 88
Effects of Interference
Bit errors are partly recoverable by means of channel coding and error correction
mechanisms.
The interference situation is not reciprocal in the uplink and downlink direction.
Mobile stations and base stations are exposed to different interference situation.
Source of Interference
Any non-cellular system which leaks energy into the cellular frequency
band.
Page 89
TYPES OF INTERFERENCE
Co-channel interference
Co-Channel Interference
This type of interference is the due to frequency reuse , i.e. several cells use the same set of
frequency.
Co-channel interference cannot be combated by increasing the power of the transmitter. This is
because an increase in carrier transmit power increases the interference to neighboring co-channel
cells.
Page 90
Adjacent-Channel Interference
Page 91
Page 92
Packet-switched
Data rate: 9Kbps ~ 150Kbps
New functionalities: point-to-point data transferring,
routing, logical link management, radio resource
management
Modulation: GMSK
Page 93
Page 94
115 kbps
57.6 kbps
9.6 kbps
2Mbps
384kbps
IMT-2000
EDGE
GPRS
HSCSD
GSM
Page 95
Location Updates.
Propagation Mechanisms
Evolution of GSM
Page 96
Thank You
www.huawei.com