Cell Organization

Multicellular
organism

System

Organ

Tissue Cell specialization

Cell
 Cell specialisation
• Process whereby the cell changes
differentiate to give it special structures
and perform a specific function.
 Epithelial tissue
Consist of 1 or more layers of cell
Simple squamous
Location – lining of lung, body cavities, heart
and blood vessel

Function – form a protective barrier against

infections, mechanical injuries and dehydration.
Simple cuboidal
Location – lining the kidney tubules,
glands and ducts.
Location – lining at the surface of skin and
lining of the mouth and oesophagus
Location – lining of the small intestine.

Has goblet cell which secrete mucus into

the digestive tract
Ciliated Epithelium

Location – lining of the

trachea

The beating cilia help to keep

unwanted particles from
entering the lungs.
Muscle tissue
 Cardiac muscle

Can be found in the

walls of the heart

Contract to pump the blood to

all parts of the body

Contraction is involuntary
Skeletal muscle

Can be found at arms and legs

Involved in voluntary
movements

They contract and relaxes to

move the bones
Smooth muscle
Can be found in intestines, blood vessels, urinary
and reproductive tracts.
Contraction and relaxation are responsible for
involuntary movement
Peristaltic movement along digestive tract
Smooth muscle vs skeletal muscle
• Involuntary movement • Voluntary movement
• Contract slowly than • Contract faster than
skeletal muscle but smooth muscle but
remain contracted for remain contracted for
a longer period of a shorter period of
time. time.
 Nerve tissue

Composed of neurones or nerve cell

Each neurone consists of a cell body and nerve fibre

Function – detect stimuli and transmit electrical

signals (nerve impuls) to muscle or gland.

It controls and coordinates activities of the body

 Connective tissue

Consists of various types of cell and fibres

separated by extracellular matrix
 Dense connective
Loose connective
tissue
tissue

Blood tissue
Connective tissue

Bone tissue
Adipose tissue

Cartilage
 Loose connective tissue
• Most widespread connective tissue
• It binds epithelia to underlying tissues and
hold organs in place.
Dense fibrous connective tissue
• Contains a large no. of collagenous fibres
which are packed closely together
• Can be found in tendons which connect
muscle to bones
• Can also be found in ligaments which join
bones together at joints
 Cartilage
• Strong and flexible connective tissue
• Provides support to the nose, ears and
cover the end od bones at joints
• In the form of disc which located between
the vertebrae – it acts as cushion to
absorb pressure.
cartilage
 Blood tissue
• Blood cells are produced in the bone
marrow located at the end of the long
bones.
• Has regulating, transporting and protective
functions
 Bone tissue
• Consist of cell embedded in a matrix of
collagen whish are hardened by calcium
• Harder than cartilage
• Provides protection to organ and support
the body
 Adipose tissue
• Consist of tightly packed cell that store fat
• Can be found in the dermis of skin and
major organ
• Acts as energy reserve and provide
insulation and protection
Organ
• Cover the body
• Act as a barrier against infection, physical
trauma and water loss.
• It is organ because it consist of various
types of tissue joined together to perform
specific function.
• Consists of dermis and epidermis
• Dermis – composed of connective tissue,
nerve tissue, and muscle tissue
System
 Endocrine system
Function Organ
Coordinates the Endocrine gland
activities of the body such as
in conjunction with the pancreas,
nervous system adrenals,
pituitary and
thyroid
 Lymphatic system
Function Organ
Returns excess tissue Spleen, thymus
fluid to the circulatory gland, lymph
system nodes,
Provides defenses lymphatic
against microbial vessels
infection and cancer
 Integumentary system
Function Organ
Cover and protect theSkin
body
 Circulatory system
Transport respiratory Heart,
gases, nutrients, blood vessels
hormones and
waste products
throughout the
body
 Nervous system

Receives stimuli, Brain, spinal cord,

integrates nerves, sense organs
information and
directs the body
 Digestive system

Break up food into Mouth, oesophagus,

small molecules by stomach, liver,
physical and pancreas, small
chemical means intestine, large intestine
Absorb nutrient from
ingested food
 Muscular system
Provides body movement Skeletal muscles,
by contraction and smooth muscles,
shortening of muscles cardiac muscles
 Excretory system

Removes metabolic wastes Kidneys, urinary

such as carbon dioxide and bladder, lungs,
urea skin
Maintains homeostatic
conditions in the body
 Skeletal muscle
Protect internal organs Bones, cartilage,
Provides support for locomotion tendons and
and movement ligament
 Respiratory system
Exchange gases between the Lung,
blood and the external trachea,
environment nose
Allow uptake of oxygen and
disposal of carbon dioxide
 Reproductive system

Males: produces sperm and male Males: testes,

hormones penis
Females: produce ovum and Females: ovary,
female hormones uterus, vagina
Carries out reproduction