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MEASUREMENT OF
GLASS
1 Pa-s = 10 P
1 Pa-s = 10 P
EXPERIMENTAL ISSUES
1. elevated temperatures
the materials used in the construction of the apparatus must be
capable of withstanding the required temperatures without
undue deformation under the mechanical or thermal stresses
involved, and without being corroded significantly by the
atmosphere or by the melt.
Your choice:
platinum-rhodium alloys, or else pure ceramics such as
recrystallized alumina.
2. glass melts is highly sensitive to temperature
* provide a furnace chamber with the minimum possible
temperature
variation
throughout
by the sample
* Constancy
to withinthe
1Cvolume
should occupied
be the aim.
ROTATIONAL VISCOMETERS
range 10 to 105 poise
Fiber extension determines the dynamic viscosity of the glass by measuring the
elongation of the sample under uniaxial stress, implicitly assuming that the flow
behavior is Newtonian.
1. Fibers are drawn with diameters between 0.6 and 0.8mm to yield test
samples between 50 and 100mm in length
2. Each end of the sample is fused to a bead about 2mm in diameter to
allow the sample to be suspended in the furnace and coupled to a loading
device.
3. Any surface layer resulting from the drawing process is removed by
etching, and samples with visible imperfections scratches, inclusions, nonconstant diameter must be discarded
4. The sample is mounted as indicated linked by a wire or ceramic coupling
to a thin vitreous silica rod which extends outside the furnace to accept the
weights used for loading
dl = l1
l2
where is the dynamic viscosity, m is the mass of the system that loads the fiber,
g is the acceleration due to gravity, l1 is the length of the fiber at the start of a
measurement, l2 is the length of the fiber at the end of the measurement, dt is
the time interval over which the measurement is taken, and A is the surface area
of the fiber specimen (excluding the balls at the ends).
beams are about 3mm in diameter and the distance between the
supports is about 40mm.
diameter of the beam is not less than about 10% of the span between the lower
supports and when the total mid-point deflection has not exceeded about 5% of
that span. It is desirable to design the equipment so that the measurement time
is typically in the range 200 to 2000 seconds