SOCIAL EDUCATION

WITH POPULATION
EDUCATION

MARISOL D. TUSO, MM-ISM

CHAPTER I: SOCIOLOGICAL
SPIRIT

Sociologyisthe study of human social

relationships and institutions.
It is diverse, ranging from crime to religion,
from the family to the state, from the divisions
of race and social class to the shared beliefs of
a common culture, and from social stability to
radical change in whole societies.
Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of
studyis sociology's purpose of understanding
how human action and consciousness both
shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural
and social structures.

SOCIOLOGY

The term sociology was coined by August

Comte in the 19th century from the Latin
word socios, which means companion
with others and the Greek word logos
which means study of reason to describe the
new science of social life.

Sociologyisan exciting and illuminating field

of study that analyzes and explains
important matters in our personal lives, our
communities, and the world.
At the personal level,sociologyinvestigates
the social causes and consequences of such
things as romantic love, racial and gender
identity, family conflict, deviant behavior,
aging, and religious faith.

In society,sociologyexamines and explains

matters like crime and law, poverty and
wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools
and education, business firms, urban
community, and social movements.
It is also about understanding the phenomena
as population growth and migration, war and
peace, and economic development.

Sociologyisan exciting and illuminating field of study

that analyzes and explains important matters in our
personal lives, our communities, and the world.
At the personal level,sociologyinvestigates the social
causes and consequences of such things as romantic
love, racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant
behavior, aging, and religious faith.
In society,sociologyexamines and explains matters like
crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and
discrimination, schools and education, business firms,
urban community, and social movements.
It is also about understanding the phenomena as
population growth and migration, war and peace, and
economic development.

Sociologists use varied research methods such as

observing the everyday life of groups, conduct largescale surveys, interpret historical documents, analyze
census data, study video-taped interactions, interview
participants of groups, and conduct laboratory
experiments.
The research methods and theories ofsociologyyield
powerful insights into the social processes shaping
human lives and social problems and prospects in the
contemporary world.
By better understanding those social processes, we also
come to understand more clearly the forces shaping
the personal experiences and outcomes of our own
lives.

The ability to see and understand this

connection between broad social forces and
personal experiences --whatC. Wright Mills
called "the sociological imagination"
--isextremely valuable academic
preparation for living effective and
rewarding personal and professional lives in a
changing and complex society.

Sociologyoffers a distinctive and enlightening way

of seeing and understanding the social world in
which we live and which shapes our lives.
Sociologylooks beyond normal, taken-for-granted
views of reality, to provide deeper, more
illuminating and challenging understandings of
social life. Through its particular analytical
perspective, social theories, and research
methods, sociologyisa discipline that expands
our awareness and analysisof the human social
relationships, cultures, and institutions that
profoundly shape both our lives and human
history.

Sociology is the scientific study of society

and human behavior.

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

It stresses that peoples social experiences

the groups to which they belong and their
experiences within these groupsunderlie
their behavior. --- C. Wright Mills call it as
the intersection of biography (the individual)
and history (social factors that influence the
individual)

THE SOCIAL IMAGINATION

People are often quick to blame others for

their misfortunes.
C. Wright Mills argues that the only way to
truly understand peoples behavior is to
examine the social context in which the
behavior occurs.
We need a quality of mind that he calls the
sociological imagination

By using sociological imagination, we learn

how social, historical, cultural, economic,
and political factors influence the choices
that people make and the ways in which
they live their lives.
think about how the larger social context
has shaped your own choices over the course
of your life.

Nowadays men often feel that their private

lives are a series of traps.
The sense that within their everyday worlds,
they cannot overcome their troubles, and in
this feeling, they are often quite correct:

What ordinary men are directly aware of and

what they try to do are bounded by the
private orbits in which they live; their visions
and their powers are limited to the close-up
scenes of job, family, neighborhood; in other
milieux, they move vicariously and remain
spectators.

And the more aware they become, however

vaguely, of ambitions and of threats which
transcend their immediate locales, the more
trapped they seem to feel.
Underlying this sense of being trapped are
seemingly impersonal changes in the very
structure of continent-wide societies.

The facts of contemporary history are also

facts about the success and the failure of
individual men and women.

It is important to quality our minds the

interplay of man and society, of biography
and history, of self and world.

The sociological imagination enables its

possessor to understand the larger historical
scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life
and the external career of a variety of
individuals.
It enables him to take into account how
individuals, often become falsely conscious of
their social positions.
By such means the personal uneasiness of
individuals is focused upon explicit troubles
and the indifference of publics is transformed
into involvement with public issues.

It is the idea that the individual can

understand his own experience and gauge his
own fate only by locating himself within his
period, that he can know his own chances in
life only by becoming aware of those of all
individuals in his circumstances.
In many ways it is a terrible lesson; in many
ways a magnificent one.

We are unaware that we contributes to the

shaping of this society
One way to do sociological imagination works
is to assess the the personal troubles of
milieu and the public issues of social
structure.

Troubles occur within the character of the

individual and within the range of his
immediate relations with others; they have
to do with his self and with those limited
areas of social life of which he is directly and
personally aware.

Issues have to do with matters that

transcend these local environments of the
individual and the range of his inner life.
They have to do with the organization of an
individual into the institutions of an
historical society as a whole

Psychoanalysts say that people do often

have the increasing sense of being moved by
obscure forces within themselves which
they are unable to define.

QUALIFY THESE STATEMENTS?

Earnest Jones: mans chief enemy and

danger is his own unruly nature and the dark
forces pent up within him.
Mans chief danger today lies in the unruly
forces of contemporary society itself

PURE VS APPLIED SOCIOLOGY

Basic (or pure) sociology is sociological

research whose purpose is to make
discoveries.
applied sociology is the use of sociology to
solve problems.

SCIENCE & SOCIOLOGY

Science is the application of systematic

methods to obtain knowledge and the
knowledge obtained by those methods.
The sciences are divided into the natural
sciences, which seek to comprehend,
explain, and predict events in the natural
environment; and the social sciences, which
seek to understand the social world
objectively by means of controlled and
repeated observations.

VERSTEHEN AS A STRATEGY

Used to study human behavior?

According to Weber, to understand why
people act as they do, sociologists must try
to put themselves in their shoes.
Means"to grasp by insight,

SOCIAL CHANGE IN SOCIOLOGY

Social change is a term used to describe

variances or alterations in the social behavior
of a group of people.
The term social change is often used in the
study of sociology, but it also applies to any
educational discipline that deals with
people, basically because where you find
people you will always find some social
change.

It also refers to a major change in a society

or culture that has lasting effects on that
culture. The abolition of slavery is an
example of social change

AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY

1. Social Organization
refers

to social institutions, social groups, social

inequality, social mobility, religious groups, and
bureaucracy.
Example: social institutions, social groups, social
inequality, religious groups and bureaucracy.

Social Institution- Family and School

Social Groups- Farmers Association and Professional
Associations
Social Inequality- Unemployed ,peasants, and poor people
Religious Groups- Catholic, Protestants and Muslims
Bureaucracy- Government Agencies and Local government
Units

2. Social Psychology
refers

to human nature and its focus on social

processes as they affect the individual.
the observations in their emotions, attitudes,
perceptions and culture in their community,
school market and church

3. Social Change
Refers

to studies on ecological changes,

population, migration, technological change,
new production techniques, culture change,
political processes, social transformation,
modernization, mass communication, and the
impact of natural disaster.

 The

Point of Inquiry in Social Change

Ecological Change
Migration
Technological change
New production
Culture Change
Political Processes
Social Transformation
Mass Communication

4. Population
This

studies size, growth, demographic

characteristics, as well as corruption, migration,
changes vis--vis economic, political and social
systems.

5. Applied Sociology
This is concerned with resolving social problems
through sociological research.
Example: Squatters, prostitution, large family
size, migration of nurses, and poor nutrition .

Example: Those people living in a certain

area but they do not own the land. For the
sociological research to solve the problem of
squatters , what is the reason for them to
migrate in the city? The research variables to
study the problem of squatting are the
background on employment, educational
qualifications, occupation and source of
income.

Variables are those will be manipulated,

measured, described, or controlled

MIGRATION OF NURSES. What might be the

reason why nurses would like to work in
other countries? The high salary and lucrative
remunerations for nurses who are working in
Europe ,USA, Canada and Australia. As
compared with the Staff Nurse who is
working in government hospital they are only
receiving meager salary which is 10 times
higher once you work in other country.
What are the research variables?

The research variables to study the migration

of nurses are the salary, overtime pay,
exchange rate ( Peso-Dollar) and the country
that they want to work.

POOR NUTRITION. Who are usually affected

by poor nutrition? The children have usually
the problem of malnutrition.

What are the research variables?

The research variables are the income of the

family, food intake, employment and
occupation of the family. The usual cause of
poor nutrition is the result of low income and
unemployment in the family.

6. Sociological Theory and Research

This

is a set of statements that seeks to explain

problems, actions or behavior; or the discovery
and development of research that tests the
validity, applicability and usefulness of the
results of the investigation for the improvement
of life.
It answers the findings of the problems, identify
gaps, and recommendation to the problem

PROPONENTS OF SOCIOLOGY

Auguste Comte
The

Father of Sociology
Positivism proposed the idea of
applying the scientific method to
social life, he called this science
as sociology - the study of
society.
His aim for sociology was to
reform society.
Believes we must observe society
in order to uncover its
fundamental laws

Herbert Spencer
The

Social Darwinism
disagreed with Comte that
reform should be the goal.
He believes no one should
intervene in the evolution of
society
Over time, societies improve.
The fittest members will
produce an advanced society

Karl Marx
Known

of his sociology of
knowledge
Believes that the engine of human
history is class conflict.
He claimed there is a strong
conflict between the bourgeoisie
and the proletariat.
The struggle between the classes
would end only when the
proletariat revolted.
The result would be a classless
society.
Marxism is not communism

Karl Marx
Society

in conflict:

Social conflict
Struggle between groups over scarce resources
Society and production
Capitalist and the proletariat
Social institutions
Infrastructure and sueperstructure
False class consciousness
Accepting a negative status as an inherent traint; a
attribution error

Karl Marx
Emphasized the importance of socioeconomic
classes:

Capitalists- ones who owned the means of

production
Bourgeoisie small business owners
Proletariat working class
Lumpenproletariat (scum class) useless excess
of humanity discarded by capitalist societies; the
poor who serve no purpose.

Max Weber
German

sociologist
The father of sociological method
Believes that Religion is the key of
social change, not economy.
Religion was the central factor in the
rise of Capitalism
He found that Protestant beliefs led
to the growth of Capitalism.
The Protestant ethic - the belief
that working hard would please God

the interdependence of belief

systems and economic systems;
The Protestant Ethic and the
Spirit of Capitalism

Emile Durkheim
goal

was to recognize
sociology as an academic
discipline.
studied suicide rates

The key factor in suicide is

social integration.
Those with weaker ties are
most likely to commit suicide

SEEING THE GENERAL IN THE

PARTICULAR
RATE OF DEATH BY SUICIDE
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

20.2
10.9
6.2

12.4
4.9

1.9

African Americans

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Whites

By Race and Sex

Males

Both Sexes

Females
U.S. Bureau of the Census

INDIVIDUAL IN SOCIAL CONTEXT

DURKHEIMS STUDY OF SUICIDE

More likely to commit

Male protestants who were wealthy and unmarried had higher

suicide rates
Protestantism and individualism

Less likely to commit

Male jews and catholics who were poor and married

Being a catholic and group orientation

One of the basic findings why?

The differences between these groups had to do with
social integration
Those with strong social ties had less of a chance of
committing suicide

Two types of social solidarity:

mechanical solidarity, present in traditional

societies where there is a simple division of
labor and a communal spirit;
organic solidarity, in which more modern
societies have a complex division of labor,
and an organizational interdependence; if
one fails, all fail in a modern business
enterprise.

Anomie the social condition in which

norms and expectations are in conflict, or

absent, leaving one adrift; the solution is
to seek equilibrium and re-establish
oneself into the stability of a culture and
its supportive belief systems.

EVER FEEL LIKE YOURE

A PUPPET ON A STRING?

EXAMINING SOCIETY
3 aspects of Durkeheimian
thought:

Society has a structure and its

various parts exists in an orderly
relationship
Society has power that is
demonstrated in how it shapes our
thoughts and actions
Society has an objective existence as
it operates apart from any
individuals subjective experience

PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGY

Fr. Valentin Marin introduced sociology in

the Philippines in 1896 as a course on
criminology at the University of Santo Tomas.
In 1919, Sociology were introduced at Siliman
University and the Theological Seminary.
Serafin Macaraig first Filipino to receive a
doctorate degree in sociology in 1939.
Introduction to Sociology became the first
text in the University of the Philippines
written by Serafin Macaraig

After Macaraig, followed Juan Ruiz who

offered courses in social work in the
University of the Philippines.
Prof. Marcelo Tangco succeeded Dr.
Macaraig.

Philippine Sociological Society was

organized by a group of Filipino educators
and visiting professors in the different
regions to :
increase knowledge about social behavior
To gather data on social problems for their
possible solutions

Philippine Social Science Council in 1968

was formed to consolidate the Philippine
social science resources whose objectives are:

To promote the quality and relevance of social

science researches

To improve teaching skills in social science

To finance researches along the social sciences

To encourage social science publications

THE SOCIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE

Sociologists analyze social phenomena at

different levels and from different
perspectives.
They study from micro level of analysis of
small social patterns to the macro level of
analysis of large social patterns

3 MAJOR PERSPECTIVE

1. symbolic interactionist (symbolic

interactionism)
Use

of symbols and details of everyday life, face

to face interaction, looks at the micro level
Understands the meaning of symbols and how
people interact with each other.
It traces its origin to Max Weber's assertion that
individuals act according to their interpretation
of the meaning of their world
people attach meanings to symbols, and then
they act according to their subjective
interpretation of these symbols.

 Verbal

conversations, in which spoken words

serve as the predominant symbols, make this
subjective interpretation especially evident.
The words have a certain meaning for the
sender, and, during effective communication,
they hopefully have the same meaning for the
receiver.

Example: Symbols may include wedding

bands, vows of life-long commitment, a
white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a Church
ceremony, and flowers and music.
However, critics say it may miss the larger
issues of society by focusing too closely on a
thing

Functional Perspective (Functionalism)

It

says that each aspect of society is

interdependent and contributes to society's
functioning as a whole.
Functionalists believe that society is held
together by social consensus, or cohesion, in
which members of the society agree upon, and
work together to achieve, what is best for
society as a whole.
Emile Durkheim suggested that social consensus
takes one of two forms: mechanical and organic
solidarity

Mechanical solidarity is a form of social cohesion

that arises when people in a society maintain
similar values and beliefs and engage in similar
types of work.
Mechanical solidarity most commonly occurs in
traditional, simple societies such as those in which
everyone herds cattle or farms.
In contrast, organic solidarity is a form of social
cohesion that arises when the people in a society
are interdependent, but hold to varying values and
beliefs and engage in varying types of work.
Organic solidarity most commonly occurs in
industrialized, complex societies

A functionalist sociologists Robert Merton

divides human functions into two types:
manifest

functions are intentional and obvious

(The manifest function of attending a church is
to worship as part of a religious community)
latent functions are unintentional and not
obvious ( It helps members learn to discern
personal from institutional values

The conflict perspective

Originated

from Karl Marx's writings on class

struggles
It presents society in a different light than do
the functionalist and symbolic interactionist
perspectives.
It focuses on the negative, conflicted, and everchanging nature of society.
Conflict theorists challenge the status quo,
encourage social change (even when this means
social revolution)

CHAPTER II

SOCIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

The Basics of Sociological Investigation

Science: Basic Elements and Limitations
the Methods of Sociological Research

Science: A logical system that bases

knowledge on direct, systematic observations
concerning human behavior.
First Framework: Scientific Sociology- The
study of society based on systematic
observations of social behavior.
Empirical Evidence- Is information we can
verify with our common sense.

Science of Sociology- is based on empirical

knowledge that is as valid as possible given
existing research procedures. Scientific
knowledge is intended to be value-free
insofar as it is concerned with fact rather
than morality. Scientific facts are
continually subject to revision in light of new
discoveries.

Scientific ExplanationThe goal of scientific explanation is to permit

the scientist to move beyond simple
description to make reliable statements
concerning the nature of relationships exiting
in observed phenomena. Reliable statements
posses a high degree of certainty that what is
predicted will be the successful combination
of theory and relevant research. An orderly
system that looks at the reality of what is
out there.

SCIENCE: THE BASIC ELEMENTS

AND LIMITATIONS

Positivism- assumes that an objective reality

exists and is really out there.
Concept- refers to either relations or
descriptions. Concepts are not statements
and are neither true nor false.
When concepts are interrelated in a scheme,
a theory begins to emerge.

Variable- A trait or characteristic that can vary

in value to magnitude form case to case.
Characteristics that are normally variable can
be made constant through experimental design,
as when a researcher focuses on people of the
same age, sex, social class, and so on, in order
to study variation in other traits.
Measurement- a set of rules for the assignment
of numbers to the different outcomes a variable
can exhibit.
Example= strongly disagree, disagree, neutral,
agree, strongly agree.

Concepts such as an inch, meter, and the like

do not exist in nature but are arbitrary
measures of length, with agreed upon
meanings, invented by scientists.

Operationalizing a Variable-Specifying
exactly what one is to measure before
assigning a value to a variable.

Reliability-the consistency in measurement. In order to

have reliability the test must be able to be replicated and
receive the same results.
Validity- Is the precision in measuring exactly what one
intends to measure. A test must measure exactly what is
says it will measure.
Correlation- the measured strength between two variables.
Spurious correlation- apparent although false relationship
between two or more variables caused by some other
variable.
Control- holding constant all variables except one in order
to see clearly the effects of that variable.
In order for research to be true it must have both
reliability and validity.

Objectivity- a state of personal neutrality in

conducting research.

Weber thought it was of great importance to

see the other persons point of view.
He also firmly believes that, although true
objectivity was impossible, the sociologist
should attempt to remain value-free.

A SECOND FRAMEWORK:
INTERPRETIVE SOCIOLOGY

Interpretive Sociology- Max Weber pioneered

this framework, according to Weber humans
do not simple act; we engage in meaningful
actions. The focus is on how individuals
interpret this interaction and place meaning
on everyday interactions. It is the
interpretation of peoples actions where
meaning is placed.
Interpretive Sociology is the study of society
that focuses on the meanings people attach
to their social world.

A THIRD FRAMEWORK: CRITICAL

SOCIOLOGY

Karl Marx founded the critical approach. He

did not believe that society exists in a
natural state with a fixed order.
Critical Sociology- the study of society that
focuses on the need for social change.
Critical Sociologists see patterns of
inequality and there is a dominance to
reality.

GENDER AND RESEARCH

Gender- the personal traits and social positions that

members of a society attach to being female of male.
Androcentricity- Male centered research.
Overgeneralization- Avoid making overgeneralizations
about the population, there is a need to stay focused
on what is being researched.
Gender blindness- The lives of men and women are
very different.
Double standards- Double standards should not be
given to men or to women.
Interference- The researcher could distort the study if
the respondent or researcher is affected by the sex of
the other.

THE METHODS OF
SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
A systematic plan for conducting research.
Experiment- a research method for
investigating cause and effect under highly
controlled conditions.
Hypothesis- an unverified statement of a
relationship between variables.
A hunch or guess that is generally stated as a
proposition of the if . . .then. . . variety.

Hawthorn Effect- a change in the subjects

behavior caused by the awareness of being
studied.

ASKING QUESTIONS: SURVEY

QUESTIONS

Survey- a research method in which subjects

respond to a series of statements or
questions in a questionnaire or an interview.
Conducting Interviews- a series of questions
a researcher administers in person to
respondents.

Population- The larger the population the

better. 60 to 100 is a good number for a
small survey.
Sample- The part of the population that
represents the whole. The participants in a
survey are the sample population of that
survey.
Questionnaires- a series of written questions
a researcher presents to subjects.
Interview- a series of questions a researcher
administers in person to respondents.

USING AVAILABLE DATA

Secondary Analysis- a researcher uses the data

available. By using previous research a can exhaust
a bed of research and find what is important to the
field being studied.
Inductive Logic- from the inside out. The researcher
works from the specific to the general. The
researcher works from the ground level up and the
observations lead to a general theory.
Deductive Logic- from the outside in. The
researcher works from the general to the specific.
The theory is stated first then a hypothesis is formed
and a method is found to test it.

CULTURE

CULTURE

Culture is an encompassing concept which

includes all the recipes for living, a blueprint for
behavior and any social activity, the sum of
human creations, and a way of life which serves
as potential guide for behavior.

Each society has its own distinctive systems

therefore culture varies.

CULTURE

Latin word cultura / cultus which

means care or cultivation
Culture is that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, arts, morals, laws,
customs and other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society
(Edward Taylor)

CULTURE

Characteristics of Culture

Culture is learned Absorption of any habit , value,

knowledge, skill and taste of the group reflects the
uniquely elaborate capacity of humans to learn.

Culture is transmitted orally and by writing through conditioning,

imitation, suggestion,
identification, reward and punishment, formal
instruction and mass communication.

Culture is shared the elements of culture result

from living and
interacting with one another and
emerge out of the social life of people.

CULTURE

Culture is patterned and integrated culture is made up of

elements which are not haphazardly arranged but patterned
into a unified whole.

Culture is adaptive No culture is static and each individual

or generation makes adjustments.

Culture is compulsory members of the society have to

follow the culture in their dealings with others if they wish to
get along successfully.

Cultures interact and change through trade networks,

conquests,
migration, education and tourism, cultures
interact and change.

CULTURE

Dimensions of Culture

Ideas represents the nonmaterial aspects of culture.

Humans
express the meaning of their experiences
through ideas.

Beliefs mans conviction about the reality of things and

are shared
ideas about how the world operates.

Values socially accepted and shared ideas about what is

right.

Common Understanding use of gestures in interacting

with other
members of the group without the constant
need to explain what
one is doing.

CULTURE

Norms and Sanctions norms are shared rules or ideals

designating
behavior in certain situations. Sanctions are
imposed when
members violates the norms in order to
control their errant behavior
maybe informal or informal,
positive or negative.

Folkways are habits, conventions, customs and repetitive

patterns of expected behavior and tend to be self-perpetuating
.
(ex. Pamanhikan)

Mores social norms that are essential to the welfare to the

group and their cherished values. They have moral or ethical
value and are associated with strong feelings of right or wrong.

CULTURE

Laws are formalized norms defined by a governing

body or public
authority.

Fashion, Fads, Crazes operates primarily as forces

of social change. They are short lived social norms
which demand compliance at the
time they
operate.

Sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments.

Rewards positive sanctions
Punishment negative sanctions

CULTURE

Material Culture and Technology refers to all the

physical, tangible,
and concrete produced by people.
Determines the physical options and opportunities of the
society.

Language and Culture language is an integral part of

culture and human culture cannot exist without it.
Through the use of symbols, human have created ideas,
organized and systemized them and passed them on to
others.

Ideology refers to a meaningful system of doctrines, ideas

and
symbols, norms and values.
They are organized into a system which moves its members
to action.

CULTURE

Culture Similarity and Culture Diversity

Culture Similarity my be attributed to:

Similarities in biological structures and drives (biological
and psychological needs).
Each society has to carry out certain functions necessary
for social living.
Human beings have a similar range of emotions, needs for
security and response and possesses a symbolic language.
The geographical environment .

Diversity in culture is brought about by differences in the

way people
meet and respond to their biological and
psychological needs and the manner by which people adapt
to their environment.

CULTURAL LAG

It refers to a situation when one some parts

of a culture change at a faster rate than
other related parts with a resulting
disruption of the integration and equilibrium
of the culture.

CULTURE

Subculture smaller groups with a distinctive cultural

pattern
within the society.
Arise from certain individual needs to obtain assurance
and
security from others for an inability to cope with
the dominant culture.

Culture Shock -

the feeling of unpleasantness or

experienced when one goes to an

disorientation
unfamiliar setting.
Can also be experience in ones country
Urbanites going to rural areas
Rural folks migrating to urban areas

CULTURE

Ethnocentrism - the view to regard ones culture

as right and normal, with a superior attitude.

Literally means a belief that ones group is the center

of the universe and one scales and rates other
cultures with reference to it.

Cultural Relativism culture must be

understood in terms
of its own values and
beliefs and not by standards of the viewers
culture. It assumes that no culture is better than
any other.

THEORIES ON CULTURE

CULTURAL ECOLOGY

Regards cultural patterns as adaptive

responses to the problems of human survival
and reproduction.
It is the study of human adaptations to social
and physical environments.
Human adaptation refers to both biological
and cultural processes that enable a
population to survive and reproduce within a
given or changing environment.

SOCIOBIOLOGY

Explores the relationship between human

cultural behavior and genetics.

SOCIOBIOLOGY

It is a field ofscientific study which is based

on the assumption that social behavior has
resulted fromevolution and attempts to
explain and examine social behavior within
that context.

COGNITIVE ANTHROPOLOGY

Defines culture in terms of the rules and

meanings underlying human behavior, rather
than behavior itself.
It takes a number of methodological
approaches, but generally draws on the
insights ofcognitive science in its model of the
mind
A basic premise is that people think with the
aid ofschemas, units of culturally shared
knowledge that are hypothesized to be
represented in the brain as networks of neural
connections.

COGNITIVE ANTHROPOLOGY

Cognitive anthropology is concerned with

what people from different groups know and
how that implicit knowledge changes the way
people perceive and relate to the world
around them

ETHNOSCIENCE

A theoretical approach that focuses on the ways

in which members of a culture classify their
world and holds that anthropology should be the
study of cultural systems of classification.

It has been defined as an attempt "to

reconstitute what serves as science for
others, their practices of looking after
themselves and their bodies, their botanical
knowledge, but also their forms of
classification, of making connections, etc.
looks at culture with a scientific perspective

Often referred to as "indigenous knowledge

introduces a perspective based on native
perceptions.
It is based on a complete emic perspective,
which excludes all observations,
interpretations and or any personal notions
belonging to the ethnographer.

ETHNOBOTANY

Describes the ways in which different

cultures classify plants.

is thescientific study of the relationships

that exist betweenpeople and plants.
Ethnobotanists aim to document, describe
and explain complex relationships between
cultures and (uses of) plants, focusing
primarily on how plants are used, managed
and perceived across human societies. This
includes use for food, clothing, currency,
ritual, medicine, dye, construction,
cosmetics and a lot more

ETHNOMEDICINE

An anthropological discipline devoted to

describing the medical systems of different
cultures.

STRUCTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

A theoretical approach that holds that all

cultures reflect similar, underlying patterns
and that anthropologists should attempt to
decipher these patterns.

INTERPRETIVE ANTHROPOLOGY

Culture is a system of meaning and the aim

of cultural anthropology is to interpret the
meanings that cultural acts have for their
participants.

FUNCTIONALISM

Specific cultural institutions function to

support the structure of society or serve the
needs of individuals in society.

Early functionalists include mile

Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Meyer Fortes,
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, and Edward Evan
Evans-Pritchard.

ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONALISM

Theoretical approach that holds that the ways in

which cultural institutions work can best be
understood by examining their effects on the
environment.

NEO-EVOLUTIONISM

Concerned with the historical change of

culture from small-scale societies to largescale societies.

It talks about the interrelationship

between technology and environment
Characteristics of cultural sequence

Savagery Hunting and gathering

Barbarism Plant and animal domestication
Civilization Development of writing and
mathematics

 Evolution

of Culture Three major events;

1. Invention of food production

2. Urbanization
3. Industrialization

Cultural evolution:
Defined as different successive forms in
social culture of mankind as a whole are
developed in to constitute the growth of
culture over different periods of time or
in continuity.

NEO-MARXISM

Theoretical perspective
concerned with applying the
insights of Marxist thought to
anthropology; neo-Marxists
modify Marxist analysis to make
it appropriate to the
investigation of small-scale,
non-Western societies.

SOCIALIZATION

THEORIES ON SOCIETY

TYPES OF SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS
1.

2.

3.

4.

Formal - Social relationships characterized by formal

norms or rules governing the social relationship. These are
normally achieved through formal procedure or processes
(i.e. student- teacher, employer- employee).
Informal - Social relationships not guided by formal
norms or rules. They are normally circumstantial (i.e.
driver- passenger, customer-waiter).
Personal - Social relationships based on face-to-face
encounters. It entails personal knowledge or affiliation
with an individual (i.e. Father son, Friendship).
Impersonal - Social relationships based on remote
mechanisms or procedures. It is marked by the absence of
personal knowledge or affiliation with somebody. (i.e.
president-citizens, movie star-fans/movie viewers).

WHAT IS COMMUNITY?

A group of individuals/people with common

territorial base or marked similarities in terms
of beliefs, status, interests or experiences
which makes them distinct or different from
others.

Types of Communities
Spatial/Geographical Community - brought
about by similarity of
territorial/geographical location.
Functional Community - marked by
similarities of status, interest, beliefs, and
race.

TOLERANCE AMIDST DIVERSITY

The

fundamental fact of social/community life

is that of diversity or differences in terms of:
Interests
Beliefs
Race
Religion
Culture
Physical Attributes
Socio-Economic Status
Intellectual Attributes
Geographical Location

Stereotypes
An oversimplified
generalization/knowledge about a
particular group, race, sect, etc. which
usually carries negative implication.
An unfavorable opinion about a person or
group based on incomplete knowledge.

Prejudice
A feeling, attitude, or belief favorable or unfavorable
toward a person, thing, or group without sufficient
knowledge.
A negative or hostile feeling/attitude toward a person
who belongs to a specific group, and is therefore
presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to
that group.
Tends to be negative, particularly when directed towards
groups and people.
Is held onto even though it lacks a basis in fact and,
often, even when new and conflicting information is
made available.

Discrimination
An action based on prejudice.
An action that denies individuals or groups of
people equality of treatment which they may
wish
Oppression
An on-going system of domination relying on
an unequal and dynamic relationship
between privileged and non-privileged
groups.

MASLOWS HIERARARCHY OF NEEDS: A THEORY

FOR UNDERSTANDING HUMAN NEEDS IN SOCIETY

Abraham Maslow provides us a theory for

understanding human needs in society known
as Maslows theory of the Hierarchy of
Needs.

It presupposes that mans needs can be

classified starting with the most basic needs
necessary for human survival, to that of the
higher needs required in order for man to
develop human potentials to the fullest.
The theory also presupposes that man
should satisfactorily satisfy first the more
basic needs before he could move up to
achieving to higher needs.

WHAT ARE THE HUMAN NEEDS?

1. Basic physiological needs - these are the basic
needs essential in order for man to survive such as
food, air, and water.
2. Security or Safety needs - Need to be avoiding
pain, to obtain physical and emotional comfort, to
be free from fear and insecurity.
3. Belongingness and love - The need to be identified
with a group to give and receive affection and
love.

4. Self-esteem - Feeling of success and

self-worth, competence and mastery of
the environment, need to accomplish
and to achieve to the fullest ones
human potentials and capacities.
5. Self-actualization needs- Need to know
about ourselves, the community, society
and the world around us. The need to
achieve higher values such as beauty,
freedom, communion with the divine,
nature and ones fellowmen

MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS

TEAMING AND WORKING WITH INDIVIDUALS

OF DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS
Malcolm and Knowles illustrate how different forces outside as
well as inside an individual affects the way he works with a
group and how he relates with the community.
The said factors are the following:
1. Individuals Past Experiences - Each and every one of us have
past experiences which could be happy, sad, embarrassing or
fearful, which could either enhance or deter our capacity to
relate with people of different backgrounds.
2. Coping Mechanisms - These refer to an individuals emotional
tendencies or responses to unpleasant experiences such as
fear or embarrassment in a community or a group. Responses
can vary such as that pairing or being too dependent on
somebody, flight or avoidance, or flight or aggression.

3. Physical Needs - People in groups and the

community have physical or biological needs
which a community worker has to be aware
of. These can be that of food, shelter, and
clothing or to be comfortable as well as to
rest.
4. Psychological Needs - People in groups and in
the community have psychological or
emotional needs such as the need emotional
security, sense of meaning in life,
acceptance, care and concern for others as
well as the need for new and exciting
experiences.

5. Hidden Communities - The way we relate with

others in the community is conditioned to a great
extent by the different social groups to which we
belong (religion, geographical or ethnic groupings,
family, gang/ barkada) as well as by significant
others (girlfriend, parents, neighbors).
6. Personal Beliefs, Goals and Values - People are
motivated to join because they know that they can
achieve certain ends (goals), which are favorable
for them. They can also join because the
objectives of the group are in consonance with
things that are important to them (values) or their
own convictions or ideas about things (beliefs).

7. Self-Concept - Working with others in the community

with people of different backgrounds requires that
one have the proper assessment of ones qualities,
potentials, and limitations as an individual.
8. Personal Standards - These refer to our personal
norms or rules that serve as our basis as to what can
be considered right or wrong, good or bad, beautiful
or ugly, acceptable or unacceptable.
9. Interests/Capabilities - These can consist of ones
personal talents, capacities or preferences.
10. Fears/Insecurities - These can either be physical
such as fear of a dog, emotional such as fear of being
rejected by others, or social such as the fear of losing
ones job, or status.

Fearful

Flight
Fight

Happy

Pairing

Embarrassing

COPING MECHANISM

Sad

PAST EXPERIENCES
Personal Beliefs
Values
Goals

Depending
Self-Concept

Personal

Capabilities

PHYSICAL NEEDS
Food
Shelter
Clothing
To be comfortable
Rest

Fears

Interest
Insecurities

Standards

PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS
Affirmation
Belongingness
Love
New Experiences

HIDDEN
COMMITTEES
Religion
Friends/Neighbors
Family
Barkada
Girlfriend
Geographical/Ethnic
Groupings
School
Organizations

Social Structure and Interaction in

Everyday Life

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND

INTERACTION

Social structure is the framework of societal

institutions (politics, and religion) and social
practices (social roles) that make up a society
and establish limits on behavior.

Social interaction is the process by which

people act toward or respond to other people
and is the foundation for all relationships and
groups in society.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE FRAMEWORK

COMPONENT #1 OF SOCIAL
STRUCTURE: STATUS & ROLES

A status is socially defined position in society

characterized by certain expectations, rights,
and duties.
Ascribed status
Social

position based on attributes over which the

individual has little or no control, such as
race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

Achieved status
Social

position that a person assumes as a result of

personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

ROLES

A set of behavioral expectations associated with a given

status learned in the socialization.
Role Expectation
A

group or societys definition of the way a specific role ought to be

played.

Role Performance
How

a person actually plays a role.

Role Conflict
Occurs

when incompatible demands are placed on a person by two

or more statuses held at the same time.

Role Strain
Occurs

when incompatible demands are built into a single status

that the person holds.

Role Distancing
Creating an appearance of distance or mentally distancing oneself
from a particular role/status

STATUS

Master status is the most important status

that a person occupies.
Examples: Being a member of a religious,
racial, or sexual minority, homeless, gender

Status symbols are material signs that inform

others of a persons specific status.
Example:

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is

married.

Achieved and Ascribed Statuses:

Challenges for the Ministry
Many gay rights advocates would suggest that
homosexual orientation is an ascribed status
(i.e. gays and lesbians were born that way).
With what we know from Scripture, what kind
of status would Christians classify homosexuals
as?

ROLES AND STATUSES VISUALIZED

Statuses held by Teresa, a 35 yr. old wife, mother, and
full-time secretary
Mother

Roles
Corresponding
to her Various
Statuses

Secretary

Wife

Firm with children in

setting boundaries

Deferential to Boss

Occasionally disputes
husband, mostly agrees
with him

Cooks Meals

Proofs her bosss

correspondences

Send birthday and

holiday greetings on
behalf of her husband

Helps children with

homework

Takes minutes at staff

meetings

Listens to husbands
gripes about his job

Buys clothes for children

Serves as first point of

contact for bosses
clients

Is sexually intimate with

husband at mutuallyapproved times

Roles and Statuses Exercise

Status

Role

Role Conflict

Statuses in Conflict

Role Strain
Example of a Distressed Status:

Examples of conflicting roles

within a Given Status

Applying Role Strain & Role Conflict

How might a pastor whose parishioner admits to
committing a felony in a private counseling session
exemplify the role strain of the clergy? How about role
conflict?

THE EVOLUTION OF THE MOTHER

STATUS IN TERESAS LIFE

Socialization:
Teresa learns to be a good
mom and wife by playing
with baby dolls as a child

Occupying Statuses,
Playing Roles
Teresa learns what
parenting is really like
when she has her first
child at 26, she
experience role conflict
when juggling mothering
with work

Role Exit
Teresa becomes confused
about her role when they
move off to college, gets a
pet to have something to
dote on, and eventually
accepts a new identity as
the mother of increasingly
autonomous children

COMPONENT #2 OF SOCIAL
STRUCTURE: SOCIAL GROUPS

A social group
consists of two or
more people who
interact frequently
and share a
common identity
and a feeling of
interdependence.

SOCIAL GROUPS CAN BE:

Formal organizations-A highly structured

group formed for the purpose of completing
certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
OR

Social institution-is a set of organized beliefs

and rules that establishes how a society will
attempt to meet its basic social needs.

COMPONENT #3:SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

AND FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS
Social Institutions

Formal Organizations

Family

United Methodist Church

Religion

Bank of America

Education

Department of Labor

Economy

Goodwill

Government

CNN

Mass Media*

Pfizer

Sports*
Science*
Military*
*Items with an asterisk are considered emerging institutions.

ITS LIKE THE MATRIX, DUDE!

Social institutions,
statuses and roles,
and social groups
form an
interrelated whole
of what sociologists
call the social
structure.
EXAMPLE:
A family provides a stable structure
to raise children and sense of
identity for its members. It may
consist of a mother who cooks and
cleans.
What concepts do the highlighted
words in the example correspond
to?

DURKHEIM'S TYPOLOGY OF
SOCIAL SOLIDARITY

Social solidarity is based on social structure

which is based on division of labor.

Mechanical Solidarity - people are united by

traditions and shared values.

Organic Solidarity - people are united by

mutual dependence on one another.

TNNIES: GEMEINSCHAFT AND

GESELLSCHAFT

Sociologist Ferdinand Tnnies (1855 1936)

used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
to characterize the degree of social solidarity
and social control found in societies.

Gemeinshcaft societies are bound by kinship

and strong ties to communities, while
Gesellschaft are based on impersonal and
specialized relationships

GEMEINSCHAFT AND
GESSELLSCHAFT IN THE BIBLE

SOCIETAL SHIFTS AND

CHALLENGES FOR THE MINISTRY

How would we classify 21st century U.S. society according to

Durkheim? Tonnies?

How might the modern megachurch resemble Gesellschaft?

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF
REALITY

The process by which our perception of reality is

largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we
give to an experience.

This meaning strongly influences what we see

and how we respond to situations.

If men define situations as real, they are real in

their consequences
-W.I. Thomas

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF
REALITY

Definition of the situation We

analyze a social context in which we find ourselves,

determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our
attitudes and actions accordingly.

Self-fulfilling prophecy
A

false belief or prediction that produces behavior that

makes the original false belief come true.

Examples: Housing Bubble of 2008, Y2K crisis,

MTVs Punkd

Social Construction of Reality

on MTVs Punkd

Start at 1:15
How does Miley Cyrus define the situation? Does her subjective
definition of what Justin Beiber does correspond to reality?

GOFFMAN: DRAMATURGICAL
ANALYSIS

The study of social interaction that compares

everyday life to a theatrical presentation. We
engage in drama on a daily basis.
Members of our audience judge us and are
aware that we may slip and reveal our true
character.
Impression management
Peoples efforts to present themselves in ways that
are favorable to their own interests or image.
Face-saving behavior
Strategies to rescue our performance when we
experience a potential or actual loss of face.

THE STAGE OF SOCIAL

INTERACTION

Front Stage-Pulpit

Back Stage-Parish Office

Appearance-Clerical collar and black garb

Manner-Solemn facial expression when

administering the Eucharist

DRAMATURGICAL ANALYSIS IN THE

BIBLE

Matthew 6:
Jesus

rebukes the Pharisees for praying, fasting, and doing

acts of charity in public view

Luke 22:25-26 :

Jesus said to them, The kings of the Gentiles lord it over

them; and those who exercise authority over them call
themselves Benefactors.But you are not to be like that.
Instead, the greatest among you should be like the youngest,
and the one who rules like the one who serves

The Gentile kings engaged in impression managementthey wanted to viewed as in touch with people,
though they wanted to control them