General Chemistry

Dr. Nguyen Viet Hung

Chapter 1.Matter and

Energy

Objectives

Use the basic vocabulary of matter

and energy
Distinguish between chemical and
physical properties; and between
chemical and physical changes
Recognize various forms of matter
Understand the concepts: mixture,
substance, compounds, element,
molecule and atoms

Matter:

Matter is anything that has mass and

occupies space
Mass is a measure of the quantity of
matter in a sample of any material

Mass and weight

Difference between mass

and weight

1) Mass is a measurement of the amount of

matter something contains, while Weight is
the measurement of the pull of gravity on
an object.

2) The Mass of an object doesn't change

when an object's location changes. Weight,
on the otherhand does change with
location.

Energy

Energy is defined as the capacity

to do work or transfer heat
Many forms of energy, including
light energy, electrical energy and
heat energy.
Energy can be classified into 2
principle types: kinetic energy and
potential energy

Potential energy

Rock atop a mountain

Coal

Example

Which of the following illustrate

the concept of potential energy
and which ilustrate kinetic energy?
(a) water stored in a water tower
(b) a rubber band stretched (c) a
comet moving through space (d)
the roof of a house

Exothermic and
endothermic processes

Exothermic

Endothermic

The law of conservation of matter: there is

no observable change in the quantity of
matter during a chemical reaction or
during a physical change
The law of conservation of energy: energy
cannot be created or destroyed. I can only
be converted from one form to another
The combined amount of matter and
energy in the universe is fixed
The relationship between energy and
matter:
E= mc2 (c is the speed of light)

States of matter

Solid: substances are rigid and have

definite shapes
Liquid: flows and assume the shape of
its container
Gases are much less dense than
liquids and solids, can be compressed
easily

Iodine

Bromine

Chlorine

Chemical and Physical

properties

Chemical properties are exhibited by

matter as it undergoes changes in
composition
All substances also exhibit physical
properties that can be observed in the
absence of any change in composition

Color, density, hardness, melting point,

boiling point and electrical and thermal
conductivities

Extensive and intensive

properties

Extensive: The volume and mass

of a sample depend on and directly
propotional to, the amount of
matter in that sample
Intensive: the color and the
melting point are the same for a
small sample and for a large one

Chemical and Physical

changes

In any physical change (no change

in chemical composition) (3 states
of matter)
In any chemical change

One or more substances are used up

One or more new substances are
formed,
Energy is absorbed or released

Physical changes that occur

among the three states of
matter

lim
Su
b

Solid
Freezing

n
io

Melting

at

on
ti
ra
po

s
en

a
Ev

at
io
n

nd

ep
os
it
io
n

Co

Gas

Liquid

Example

Which of the following are chemical

properties, which are physical
properties?
(a) Striking a match causes it to burst
into flames. (b) A particular type of steel
is very hard and consists of 95% iron,
4% carbon, and 1% other elements. (d)
Fine steel wool burns in air

Example

Label each of the as either a

physical process or a chemical
process:
(a) rusting of an iron bridge, (b)
melting of ice; (c) burning of a
wooden stick; (d) digestion of a
baked potato

Atoms and Elements

All of the different substances are

composed of only around 100 elements
Each atom of a specific element is
chemically identical to every other atom
and contains the same number of
protons in its nucleus
The number of protons in the nucleus of
each atoms of an element is the atomic
number of the element

Mixtures, substances,
compounds and elements

Mixtures: combinations of two or more

pure substances in which each
substance retains its own composition
and properties (can be seperated by
physical means)
Substance (pure substance): cannot be
further broken down or purified by
physical means.
A compound is a substance that can be
decomposed by chemical means into
simpler substances, always in the same
ratio by mass (H2O through electrolysis
form H2 and O2)

Electrolysis of water

An element is a substance that cannot be

decomposed into simpler substances by
chemical changes (H, O)
Atoms: the smallest particle of an element
that maintains its chemical identities
through all chemical and physical changes
Atoms consist principally of three
fundermental particles: electrons, protons
and neutrons

Scheme for classification

of matter
Matter
Mixture
Variable composition
Can be seperated

Physical changes

Pure substances
Fixed composition
Cannot be seperated (phys)
But by chem. method

Homegeneous mixturesHeterogeneous mixtures

Not same composition Compounds
Same composition
Distinguishable
Components
Elements
Can be
indistinguishable
decomposed Cannot be

Chemical changes

A molecule is the smallest particle

of an element or compound that
can have a stable independent
existence. In nearly all molecules,
two or more atoms are bonded
together

An ion is an atom or group of

atoms that carries an electric
charge. Ions that posses a positive
charge are called cations. Those
carrying a negative charge are
called anions.

Symbols of the most

common elements

the only metal that is a liquid

At room temperature

Sulfur is solid at roomtemperatu

Abundance of elements in
the Earths crust

Example

Classify each of the following as

element, a compound, or a mixture
(Explain)

A soft drink, seawater, air, chicken

noodle soup, table salt, copper wire,
popcorn, ice cream
Gasoline, tap water, calcium
carbonate, ink from a ball point pen,
toothpaste, aluminum foil