Momentum Transfer

Jul-Dec 2006
Instructor: Dr. S. Ramanathan
Office: CHL 210
Email: srinivar@iitm.ac.in
Class Notes: http://www.che.iitm.ac.in/~srinivar

Overview

Background & Motivation

Course Syllabus
What will be covered and what will not be
Examples
Goals & Pre-requisites
Evaluation
Tentative Schedule
Text Books / References

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Chemical Engineering

Transport Phenomena

Reaction Kinetics

Momentum

Mass

Heat

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Background :
Most of the momentum transfer equations are similar to heat and
mass transfers
Momentum transfer: Focus is on fluids
Heat and Mass Transfer: Also include solid
Heat Transfer: Radiation (no corresponding phenomena in
momentum and mass transfer)
Similarities in problems will be discussed as appropriate
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Motivation
Momentum Transfer: Fluid Mechanics
Understanding Lab Results
Design
Manufacturing (Production/ Maintenance)
Troubleshooting

To do these things, how much do I have to know

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Course Syllabus:
What will be covered? And to what extent?
Fundamentals (ideal cases)
Some applications (more realistic, but not very)
Most real-life issues, ==> kinetics & heat/mass/momentum transfer
together
Analytical solutions not possible in many cases
What will not be covered?
Compressible , supersonic flows
Only limited exposure to non-newtonian fluids
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
limited exposure to Perturbation methods
...and so on
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Course Syllabus:
Statics:
To refresh the basics
Dynamics:
Mass Balance
Momentum Balance (Linear & Angular)
Energy Balance
Frictional losses
Boundary layer theory
Flow past/through

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Examples
Pumps, Turbines
Heat Exchangers, Distillation column
Fluidized or Fixed bed reactors
CVD reactors (micro electronics)
Artificial blood vessels (Bio)

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Examples
Production of Sulfuric Acid
used in fertilizers, car batteries etc

S O2 SO2
2 SO2 O2
Catalyst

2 SO3

H 2O SO3 H 2 SO4

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Examples
Monsanto Process
Pump air (N2+O2) and burn Sulfur
Provide large area of catalyst
Scrub with water
Store the sulfuric acid
For a given production (ton per day),
What is the pump capacity needed?
Design and operation of reactor
How to measure the flow rate?
What if something goes wrong? How to detect it and how to
respond? (Detection of leak through chemical sensor, pressure sensor
etc)
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Goals:
Understanding and approaching problems which involve Momentum Transfer
==> Pumps, flow through pipes
==> Separation (filtration, adsorption etc)
More emphasize on application and less on proof
Also prepare for future courses
Momentum Transfer Lab
Transport phenomena
Calculus (PDE), Complex Variables
Little bit of programming
Final Exam - 40
Quizzes - 2 * 20 = 40
and Project/Assignment -20
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Tentative Schedule
Section Focus Area
1 Statics
2 Conservation of Mass
3 Conservation of momentum - linear
4 Conservation of Energy (no friction)
5 Friction (Shear Stress) & models
6 Navier Stokes eqn
7 Dimensional Analysis
8 Stream Lines
9 Inviscid flow
10 Viscous flow & BL theory, Drag on particles
11 Turbulence
12 pipe flow (with friction factors)
13 Fixed bed & Fluidized beds
14 Pumps and Turbines

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

No.
Classes

1
1
3
2
4
7
3
2
2
7
2
4
2
1

Quiz-1
Quiz-2

Text Books / References

Class Notes / Slides
Slides will be on the internal server
Text: Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer by
Welty, Wicks , Wilson & Rorrer (4th edition) John Wiley & Sons
Reference: Transport Phenomena by Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot,
edition, McGraw Hill
Fluid Mechanics and its applications by Gupta & Gupta
Other sources referenced will be mentioned in the class

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Statics

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Statics
Fluid: changes shape continuously when a tangential force is applied
Pressure at any point in a stationary fluid is same in all directions
Pressure vs Distance
Consider only gravity effects
ie. Ignore electromagnetic, chemical (eg.osmosis) and other forces

dp
g
dz

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Statics
Constant Density
(eg Liquids)

Po = atm

P bottom = Po + g h

P g z
Application: Manometer
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Statics

Approx air temp vs

height

Variable Density
eg Gases

80

PV n R T

n P

V RT

dp
g

dz
p
RT

Height
(km) 50
10
-120

Temp (C)

-60

Fig from Introduction to Fluid Mechanics by Fox & McDonald, page 53

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Example
Pbm. 2.13

Mercury = 13,600 kg/m3

B
B

10 cm

Water

PA-PB=?

PB-PB= 1 * g * h1
25 cm
Hg
PA-PB = 2 * g * h2 - 1 * g * h2
Actually used for flow rate measurement

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Example

0e

Pbm 2.22
z

Patm

Patm P

21136 atm
kg
0 1027 3
m

dp
g
dz
P

P Patm

dp 0 g dz
0

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Practical depth for a suited

diver is ~ 180 m
What is the error in assuming
density is constant?

Example
Coin on water: Surface Tension

d2
Weight
4

F Y d sin

h g

Contact Angle MAX

Indication of force between liquid-metal vs

liquid/liquid
To Float : MAX
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Statics
Acceleration due to other forces
eg centrifuge, accelerating vehicle
In centrifuge, usually g is negligible compared to a
Otherwise use vector algebra to add g and a

dp
a
dz
dp
gF
dz
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Example: Centrifuge
dp
2
r
dr

r
a

To separate materials based on density difference

in case gravity is insufficient (for reasonable separation)
Acceleration expressed as N times g
Typically acceleration >> g
Ignore gravity effects

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Example: Slow rotation

For lesser acceleration

dp r dr g dz
2

P2

r2

z2

P1

r1

z1

2
dp

r dr g dz

h1

2 2 2

P2 P1
r2 r1 g Z 2 Z1
2
At z=h1, r=0, P = Patm
On the surface, P = Patm

Z h1
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

2g

Equation of free surface

Conservation of Mass
In any control volume
Mass flux in - mass flux out = Mass accumulation rate.
If (mass in) is taken as -ve, then
Accumulation rate + Flux(out -in) =0
S

Mass Flux Out In V . n dA

s

V-velocity
n-normal vector

Mass Accumulation Rate t d (Vol )

Vol

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Vol

Conservation of Mass

d (Vol ) 0
s V . n dA t
Vol
Reynolds Theorem (generalization)
For a property B (Mass, for example)
and corresponding b (per unit mass)
dA A A dx A dy A dz

dt t x dt y dt z dt

DB

b V . n dA b d (Vol )
Dt
t Vol
s

Rate of change (system) = Flux+ Accumulation

See Transport Phenomena, by Bird Stewart Lightfoot for an analogy

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Reynolds Transport Thm

B = Mass
==> b =1
DB/Dt =0; Eqn of Conservation of Mass
B = Momentum
==> b = velocity
Momentum Eqn
B = Angular Momentum
==> b = r x v (Angular Momentum Eqn)
etc..

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Mass conservation

d (Vol ) 0
s V . n dA t
Vol

Simplifications
Steady State : (gas or liquid)
d/dt =0
Mass in = Mass out
For liquids (Volume in = Volume out)
Constant density & fixed control Volume:
d/dt (V) =0
Volume in = Volume out
True even for unsteady state

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Examples
Pbm. 4.8, 4.5, 4.12, 4.18, 4.11,4.9 4.15, 4.20, 4.22, 4.21, 4.24

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Examples
Pbm. 4.18, steady state
V1
d1 = d2 = 2 cm
V3
Q1 = 0.0013 m3/s
V2 = 2.1 m/s
A3 = 100 * ( 1e-3*1e-3/4)
There are 100 holes of 1 mm dia in the shower

A1V1 A2V2 A3V3 0

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

V2

Examples
Pbm. 4.8

A1

V1,a1
Area =A, Velocity =V, Acclrn = a. Find V2,
A2
V1 (t) A1 = V2 (t) A2
a1A1 = a2A2
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

V2,a2
A2

Examples
Pbm. 4.5, steady state

6 m/s

V/2 m/s
V m/s

0.5 m Long, 0.1 m R

d (Vol ) 0
s V . n dA t
Vol

AVin AVout Vside dA 0

Side

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Vside

Vout x

2 L

dA 2R dx

VoutR
SideVside dA L 0 xdx
L

Examples
Pbm. 4.11

M 2 AX 1 AY

2 V2

Consider stationary control volume

Vw

1
V1

d (Vol ) 0
s V . n dA t
Vol

dx
dy
Vw

dt
dt

V . n dA AV
1

2 AV2

d (Vol ) 2 AVw 1 AVw

t Vol

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

M 2 AX 1 AY

Examples
Pbm. 4.11

dx
dy
Vw

dt
dt

2 V2

Vw

1
V1

d (Vol ) 0
s V . n dA t
Vol
Consider control volume moving @ Vw

V . n dA AV
1

V1 2 AVw V2

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Examples
Pbm. 4.9, one dimension, steady flow

d (Vol ) 0
s V . n dA t
Vol

d VA 0

d dV dA

V
A

VA Const

d VA d dV dA

0
VA V A
Compressib le gas, energy balance
dV
1
dA
ideal gas law

V
1 Ma 2 A

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Examples

Pbm. 4.12

r
V Vmax 1
R

VAverage ?

FlowRate V 2rdr * Area *VAverage

0

r
Vmax 2 1 rdr
R
0

r
1
n
;x
7
R
1

1 x
n
1 x xdx

n 1

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

n 1

1 x

dx
0 n 1
0

n 1

1
7

Examples
Pbm. 4.15
h

V0

Steady flow
liquid film thickness is h
width into the paper is W

2 y y2
Vx V0
2
h h

X
h

Q Vx dA

dA W dy

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

2 y y2
Q WV0
2 dy
h h
0
h

Examples

Pbm. 4.14

Constant Velocity V
Varying thickness b
Infinitely long plate (in one direction)
Exit velocity is (a) flat or (b)
parabolic

2L
Y direction

d (Vol ) 0
s V . n dA t
Vol
Mass Flux

Consider unit depth for control Vol

Mass in Control Vol 2 L b

Accmln rate

Mass Flux Out In

db
Rate of change of Mass 2 L
2LV
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
dt

Velocity of outgoing fluid = V(y)

Examples
Pbm. 4.14

Y direction

( y)

dA

side

2L

Mass Flux

2 V( y ) dy
0

For a flat profile, V(y) = constant, say Vavg

Vavg

L
V
b

For a parabolic profile,

V( y ) y y 2

V( 0 ) V(b ) 0,Vmax V b
2
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

V( y )

y y2
4Vmax 2
b b

Examples
Pbm. 4.21

d1= 2cm, d2=0.8 mm

3
cm
Q6

d1

d2

V . n dA

1g

cm3

d (Vol ) 0

t Vol
Accmln rate

How fast should the plunger move s

Mass Flux
(ie find V)
(a) if there is no leakage
(b) if leakage between tube and plunger is 10% of needle flow
0

Mass Flux Out In

cm 3 g
g
6
1 3 6 Leakage
s cm
s
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Mass Accumulation Rate A1V

Examples
Pbm. 4.13

Qn: What is the flow rate across the

Horizontal surface?

Vx =V0

V0
0

Height=6d

V0

V . n dA
s

Vx =V0

V0

d (Vol ) 0

t Vol

Area per unit " depth" 6d

Mass Flux
3d

y
6d V0 2 V0
dy Mass Out Horizontal 0
3d
0
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005