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Lecture Overview
Readings: Creswell & Clark Ch. 3 and 6
Creswell, J.W., Shope, R., Plano Clark, V.L. & Green, D.O. (2006).
How interpretive qualitative research extends mixed methods research.
Research in Schools, 13, 1-11.
Onweugbuzie, A.J. & Collins, K.M.T. (2007). A typology of mixed
methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative
Report, 12, 281-316.
Onweugbuzie, A.J. & Leech, N.L. (2004). Enhancing the
interpretation of significant findings: The role of mixed-methods
research. The Qualitative Report, 9, 770-792.
Research
Question
s
Hypothe
ses,
Qualitati
ve
Question
s
Bro
Speci
ad
Be careful not to confuse all of thesefic
this
problem is widespread at the thesis level
as well (especially confusing research
questions with hypotheses)
Quantitative Titles
The primary
variables
The participants
The site
Quantitative signal
words
Self-esteem, academic
performance, parental
support
High school students
Malaysian public
school
Relationship,
interaction
(moderating effect)
Qualitative Titles
The central
phenomenon
The participants
The site
The type of
qualitative research
Refugee experiences
Vietnamese refugees
Refugee camp in
Malaysia
Phenomenology
Experiences of stress /
burnout
Clinicians
Private hospital, Malaysia
Mixed-methods /
multimethod / qualitative
and quantitative
The intent
The design
The
qualitative
purpose
statement,
The
details
quantitative
purpose
statement,
details
Explorat
ory
Quantitative
Purpose
Statements
Variables
Participants
Research site
Quantitative
method
Words that
connect
variables
Directional
language
Qualitative
Purpose
Statements
Central
phenomenon
Participants
Research site
Qualitative
design
Action verbs
Nondirectional
stance
Quantitative Study:
Hypotheses State clearly and explicitly the
Quantitative
Hypotheses
Relate variables in
a specific, detailed
manner.
Make predictions
when warranted by
the literature.
Include
references to
nature of
relationships in
statistical terms.
Interview and
focus-group
questions
Open-ended
Begin with what
and how
Focus on a single
concept (i.e.
singular focus)
Content Focus
Combination
Mixed-methods
as justified in
use because it
answers both
the method
and content.
Try and justify
your mixedmethods
proposal using
this
combination.
Break
Sampling Procedures:
Quantitative
Quantitative Data
Collection
Identify the site.
Identify the
participants.
Select a large
sample based on
power analyses.
Identify the
probabilistic or
non-probabilistic
sampling strategy
Discuss
Sampling Procedures:
Qualitative
Qualitative Data
Collection
Reference
Correlational
Onweugbuzie
et al., 2004
Experimental
Onweugbuzie,
et al., 2004
Case Study
3-5 participants
Creswell, 2002
Phenomenolo
gy
10 interviews, 6 interviews
Creswell,
1998; Morse,
1994
Grounded
Theory
20-30
Creswell, 2007
Interview
Guest, Bunce
& Johnson,
12 participants; 20 for approaching
2006;
saturation.
Alexandersson
Decision
Considerations
Individuals in
Samples
Which Quant
results to
follow up?
Recommendations
Include individuals
from the Quant study
in the Qual Study
(Qual participants
can be a subset of
the earlier quant
study)
Significant/nonsignificant results;
outliers and
deviant cases.
Qua
l
Quant
Decision
Considerations
Individuals in
Samples
Which Qual
results to
follow up?
Recommendations
Large sample of
different individuals.
Quant participants
may not
necessarily be
from the qual
study.
Use themes,
codes, and quotes
to help design
instrument or
Qua
l
Quant
Qualitative Data
Questions
Open-ended
questions.
Interview questions,
procedures (protocol).
Report on the validity
of the qualitative
questions you used
perhaps run a pilot/trial
interview and adjust
before actual data
collection.
Qualitative Data
Code the
data.
Analysis
Assign labels to text
units.
Group codes into
themes (or categories).
Interrelate themes (or
categories) or abstract
to smaller set of
themes.
Assess how the
research questions
were answered
Reflect on the personal
meaning of the
findings.
Qualitative Data
Use Analysis
researcher
and participant
standards
(internal
standards).
Use multiple
validation
strategies.
Enhance
reliability
through inter-
Discussion
Get into your tutorial groups, and use this time to ask any
final questions you may have about your mixed-methods
proposals. Please group yourselves together with your
respective tutors.
Next Week: No lecture. However, I will be in class as usual for
a final review/discussion with anyone needing further help
with their mixed-methods assignment.
Next Next week: Three minute research proposal
competition.
Sign up now if you wish to take part
1st place 5 bonus marks
2nd place 3 bonus marks
3rd place 2 bonus marks
Participation 1 bonus mark