Jeevan

Content
Course Syllabus Data Transmission
Why Networks Types of Links
Types of Networks Data Switching
OSI Reference Model Network Topology
TCP/IP Reference Model
IP Address
Transmission Media
Subnet Mask
Ethernet Extension
DNS & DHCP
 Course Syllabus
Week One Week Three
Network basics Routing
Build a small Routing Algorithms
network etc
Week Two Week Four
Network Project : File Server
Programming

Jeevan
Manjunath .
 Why Networks
Sharing of Hardware

Sharing of Software

Sharing of Information

Communication
 Types of Networks
Local Area Network (LAN):
Network within a floor/building/campus
Distance: At most a few kilometers
Wide Area Network (WAN):
Country-wide or global network
Distance: 100s or 1000s of kilometers
OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP Reference Model
OSI TCP/IP
Applicaion

Presentation Application

Session

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link Host-to-Network

(Data Link/Physical)
Physical
 Transmission Media
Guided Media Unguided Media
Coaxial Cable (wireless)
Twisted pair Radio link
 Shielded Terrestrial microwave
 Unshielded
Satellite microwave
Optical fiber  
Ethernet Extensions
Repeater
Connects multiple Ethernet segments
Regenerates the signal (different from amplifier).
Works at Physical layer
 Hub
Multiport repeaters.
 Signal on any input port is retransmitted on all output ports.
Works at Physical layer
Bridge
Connects two parts of a network at the Data Link layer
 Ethernet Extension
Switch
Repeating signal only on the required output port.
 MAC address to port number mapping table is build dynamically.
Network management, Virtual LANs.
Usually switches works at
 Data Link Layer
 Network Layer.

Layer 4 and Layer 7 (Vendor-dependent )

Router
Route data packets between two networks
Works at Network Layer.
Doesn’t send broadcast or corrupted packets
 Data Transmission
Point-to-point link
Two nodes are connected to each other. 
Multi-point link
Broadcasting:
 Information is sent to all nodes at the same time.
Multicasting:
 Information is sent to a group of nodes.
 Types of Links
Simplex:
Information can be sent only in one direction.
 Half-duplex:
Information can be sent in both directions
But only in one direction at any given time.
Full-duplex:
Information can be sent in both directions
simultaneously.
 Data Switching
Circuit-switched:
A channel for data transfer is setup before
communication starts.
All resources are reserved.
Packet-switched:
Packet is sent to next-hop, where it is stored,
and forwarded to next node.
Packets are sent independently through ``store-
and-forward'' mechanism.
 Network Topologies
Topology defines the arrangement of nodes,
cables, and connectivity devices that make up
the network.
Two basic categories:
Physical topology:
 Defines the way the network looks
Logical topology.
 Defines the way the data passes among the
nodes.
 IP Address
Uniquely identify a host on a network.
Address convention:
Four 8-bit decimal numbers, separated by ``.''
e.g. 144.16.160.2
Has two parts:
Net-id and Host-id.
 IP Address
Special Addresses
host-id = 0 refers to network rather than a
host.
255.255.255.255 refers to local broadcast.
127.x.y.z is used for loopback address.
Private IP Addresses
10.0.0.0 -- 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 -- 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 -- 192.168.255.255
 Subnet Mask
Is to separate Net-id from Host-id
 DNS and DHCP
Domain Name Server
It Maps human readable Domain names to
network friendly IP addresses
DHCP
Dynamically assign IP addresses