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Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Presentation From TSG

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


This presentation is not for low strength
masonry building.
Low Strength Masonry Building is Laid
in
a) Fired brick work in clay & mud
mortar
b) Random rubble ; Un coursed,
Undressed stone masonry in weak
mortars made of cement-sand , limesand & clay-mud

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Type Of Building Construction based On Design &
Supervision
Engineered Building
(Designed & supervised By Engineer)
Non-Engineered Building
(Built by Mason, Carpenters without Input From
Engineer)
Semi Engineered Building
(Ex. In masonry Building, where Load bearing wall had
not been properly designed. Generally It is built by
Architect & Contractors without involving Engineer
effectively)
Pre- Engineered Buildings
(Those Non Engineered building which comply IS
4326,IS 13827, IS 13828 ,IS 13935)

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation

Life Of Structure Depend Upon:


A. Geography Of Location
B. Building Material
C. Technology
D. Workmanship

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Categories Of Seismic Damage
Damage Categories

Extent Of Damage In
General

Suggested Post Earth


Quake Action

G
1

Slight Non
Structural
Damage

Thin Crack in Plaster,


Falling of Plaster bits in
limited parts

Building Need Not to


Vacated., only
architectural repairs
required.

G
2

Slight Structural
Damage

Small crack in walls,


Falling of Plaster in large
bits over large areas;
Damage of non structural
Parts like projecting of
cornice, kitchen chimney
etc.(The load carrying
capacity is not reduced
appreciably.)

Building Need Not to


Vacated., Cracks in
walls need grouting.
Architectural repairs
carried out to achieve
durability. Seismic
strengthening is
desirable.

G
3

Moderate
Structural
Damage

Large & deep Crack in


walls; Cracking of walls,
columns, piers, & tilting or

Building Need to be
Vacated for structural
restoration & seismic

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Categories Of Seismic Damage
Damage Categories

Extent Of Damage In
General

Suggested Post Earth


Quake Action

G
4

Severe
Structural
Damage

Gaps occur in walls; Inner


or outer wall collapse;
Failure of ties.
Approximate 50% of the
main structural elements
fail. The building takes a
dangerous states.

Building has to be
vacated. For
demolishing or
extensive restoration
& strengthening work
has to be carried out.

G
5

Collapse

A large part of whole of


the building collapses.

Redesign &
construction of
Building .

This Table is useful for cost deciding


estimation for rehabilitation of building.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Earthquake Effects on Soils & Foundations &


Solutions For Foundations
Type I Rock Or Hard Soil-Well graded gravel
Mixtures with or without clay binder, and
clayey sands poorly graded or sand clay
mixtures(GB,CW,SB,SW & SC) N>30
Type II Medium Soils- All soils N= 10 to 30 &
Poorly Graded Sands Or Gravely Sands with
Little or No fines (SP) with N>15
Type III Soft Soils Other than SP with N < 10.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


S. Type Of
No. Soil
1.
2.

3.
a.

Type I
Hard
Type II
Medium

Type III
Soft
Low
Water

Damaging
Effect Of Earth
quake
None

Earth quack Resisting


Feature for foundation

Use any foundation


type
Not much in
Use any foundation
Zones II & III
type
Relative Lateral Use tie beams in case
Movement
of Individual column
Possible in Zone Foundations
IV,V
Not Much In
Use Any Type of
Zone II
Foundation. & Use
plinth bend.
Relative
Use Plinth beam to

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


S.No Type Of Soil
.

Damaging Effect Of
Earth quake

Earth quack Resisting Feature

3.
b.

Some relative
movement in Zone II

Use Plinth beam to connect


isolated
Foundations

Relative Lateral &


Vertical movements
in Zone III

Use piles going to stable soil


layer or minimum 10 m length.
Driven piles preferable.

Liquefaction resulting
in tilting/ overturning
of buildings &
structures likely in
zones IV & V

Improve the soil to a depth of 7


to 8m or up to stable layer if
met earlier,use dynamic
compaction or by compaction
piles. Use piles going to stable
soil layer or minimum 10 m
length. Driven piles preferable.

Soil not seen to be


affected in intensity
VII shaking in Latur,
Jabalpur earthquakes
but effect of ground

Use Plinth beams to connect


individual column footings. Use
Plinth Band in case of strip
foundations. Use of under ream
piles preferable

3c.

Type III Soft


Liquefiable
with high
water table

Black Cotton
Soil

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation

Retrofitting is needed for following defects


Rectification

Crack & Spalling In Structural Members


Crack & Settlement In Flooring
Crack & Spalling in Non Structural Members
Leakage In Water Supply & Drainage System
Redesigning existing structure for nature forces

Cracks May Be Horizontal, Vertical & Diagonal

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Crack & Spalling In Structural Members
Cracks Occur Due To Settlement In
Foundation
Cracks Due To Earth Quack ,Wind,cyclone
Crack Due To Overloading Of Structure
Crack Due To Reduction in Load Carrying
Capacity of Structure Due To Weathering
Crack Due To Improper Design Of Structure
Crack due to Poor connection Of Structural
Members Resulted From Poor Workmanship

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
Crack & Settlement In Flooring
Due To Improper Plinth Filling
In case of black cotton soil in foundation, if it has
been not replaced up to sufficient depth by Good
Soil under plinth (For generating enough Counter
weight upon black cotton soil)
Variation in Water Table within the Plinth Sub base
(this occur in frequent flooding area & near sea
soar)
Improper curing, Improper laying, Poor Quality of
Mortar.
Improper Design for loading i.e. thickness & type
of flooring.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Crack & Spalling due to Non Structural
Reasons
Crack In R.C.C.
Crack In Water Proofing Work
Crack In Brick work
Crack In Plaster
Crack In finishing
This cracks occur due to shrinkage,
thermal expansion, carbonation,
moisture changes in soil, creep, weed.

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation

Leakage In Water Supply & Drainage


It may result from structural cracks &
settlement
Improper selection of pipe thickness
Improper selection of Supports & its spacing
to Pipe
Improper making Of joints
Non Provision for contraction & expansion
(Particularly when pipe is passing over
different type of structure)
Non Testing of Pipe before & after laying
Insufficient soil cover over pipe

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation

These Crack occur


around opening
due to drying
shrinkage &
thermal
movement in a
building, resulting
weakening in the

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Expansion &
thickening of roots
creating concentration
of stress at joints &
weak locations such as
openings.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


The long horizontal crack resulted due
to deflection of slab and lifting of edge
of the slab, It combined with horizontal
movement in the slab due to shrinkage.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Drying shrinkage and thermal contraction of slab exert a


pull on the wall because of this pull results in bending of
the wall which causes cracking at a weak section, that is,
at the lintel or sill level of the window openings. Such
cracks generally occurs when windows and room spans
are very large. This cracks can be avoided by providing

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Flexural Tension Cracks At Lintel Level Due to
Shrinkage & contraction of R.C.C. Slab

CRACK ON LINTEL

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Thickness of
plaster is too
much & silt
content is also
Very High

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Vertical crack
under window
occur when wall
have large
window opening
& little wall
space on both
side of opening.
Difference in
stress between
wall portion
adjoining to
window & wall

CRAC
K

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Cantilever
Chajja not
having main
bars on upper
face

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


When two adjacent walls shake in
different directions, their joint at
corners comes under a lot of stress.
This causes crack at the junction of
two walls
CRAC
In Normal
conditions,
K
cracks in this
location comes
when one of wall
expand more
than short wall.

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
Similarly the walls bends outward or
inwards horizontally in the middle of its
height, this stretching causes tension
and causes horizontal cracks in the
walls. This happens at the eve level of
gable wall.

CRACK

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


When the long wall bends outward or
inwards vertically in the middle of its
length, this stretching causes tension
and causes vertical cracks in the
walls.

CRAC
K

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Many times the wall gets pulled from its
corners. This results in to tearing of wall
in diagonal direction. In the wall if there is
a window or a door, then the diagonal
crack occur at their corners.

Diagonal
Crack

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Make sure there are no hidden conduits
within masonry

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
Redesigning existing
structure for nature forces
It is a comprehensive task & require planning which
include following Information gathering.
Field investigations including details of sub strata,
foundation details, extent of damage
Type of Existing structure & Design Data Collection
Checking of Members stability
Identification of components required to be
strengthened
Cost Estimates (it is feasible up to 60% of new
construction)
Then rehabilitation Method or Procedure is decided.

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
Crack Investigation
Location
Profile (vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal)
Crack Size throughout length (Width,Depth &
length)
Thin crack< 1mm
Medium Crack >1 to 2 mm
Wide Crack > 2 mm
Crack may be non-uniform width. i.e. Tapper in
width(narrow at one end & wider at other end. )
Static or Live cracks

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Diagonal cracks accompanied by outward tilting
of external walls
Floor is
Moderate
replaced by
cracking
brick ballast
could be
up to 600
controlled
mm depth &
to some
relaying
extent by
base
providing
concrete &
waterflooring .
proof
apron as
shown
in a
When
foundation
rest on B.C. Soil, drying out is likely to
slide
.
be
more
at the periphery of the building and less in the
inner regions. However in rainy seasons reverse

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Diagonal cracks across the corner of a building
affecting two adjacent walls

These cracks are due to drying shrinkage of


the foundation soil when building is built on
shrinkable clay soil and has a shallow

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Flexible waterproof Apron Around a


building to reduce moisture variation in
soil under the building

Inside

This 2.0 m
wide apron is
generally is
made around
0.5 m below
G.L. 1 to 2

Outsid
e

Tar felt
or
Alkathe
ne
Sheet
Lime concrete
100 mm thick
laid to slope
1 in 30,

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Cracks are static or live, is monitored


& recorded by Tell-TaleWidening
methodOf
Crack
in
wall
Quick
setting
mortar or
Adhesive

Crack

Markin
Crack in
g in
Glass
Glass
strips
Glass strips of 2 to
3 C.M. in width &
10 to 12 C.M.in
length

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation

Structural Repairs
Load Bearing Walls: PROCEDURE IN
NEXT SLIDE
CRACK IN
BRICK
PLACING OF RCC
BLOCK AFTER
CUTTING HOLE IN
B.W.

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
Repairing Of Crack Due To Settlements
Replace all crack bricks
Use R.C.C. Stitching Block In Vertical Spacing
In Every 5th or 6th Course ( 0.5 meter apart ).
Stitching block has fallowing size.
Width is equal to wall width,
Length is equal to 1.5 to 2 bricks length &
Thickness equal to 1 or 2 bricks as per
severity of cracks
Mortar For Repairs 1:1:6 (1 Cement :1 Lime : 6
Sand)

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
Corrective Measures For Load Bearing Wall Building
Therefore Shifting of Window, creation of more
window, Door ,Inbuilt construction of Almirah
should be carried out with due consideration to
IS code 13935:1993 & as explained in this
presentation.
Proper Bearing to lintel over brick work to avoid
diagonal cracks & it can be done in retrofitting
work.
It is advisable that keep window width as less
as feasible while height can be increased with
fixed small glass pans on top portion.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Make structure floor, roof lighter as much as
possible.
Avoid Un- symmetry of structure as much as
possible. For this purpose structure can be
divided.
Do Sand Pilling ,Stabilization of weak & sandy
soil having high water level.
Proper Connections of building Elements.
Use steel to strengthen load bearing wall as
per code requirement.
Provide adequate plinth protection.
Avoid to built Rigid masonry Building resting on
rock in Earth Quack porn area.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Lateral Supports To Long Wall

R.C.C./B.W.
Columns
Maximum 6m
Interval
Buttress
Maximum 6m
Interval

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Avoid keeping shallow foundation on
Black Cotton Soil.
Use one type of foundation in a whole
building to avoid differential settlement.
Physical quality check on material should
me periodic.
A.R.C. which is structurally independent
from an existing building should be
designed & constructed in accordance
with the seismic requirements of new
structures.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Any existing seismic resistance building if
occupied for school building then the
building has to be rechecked for seismic
resistance for importance factor of 1.5.
Projecting parts like cornices, facia stones,
parapets etc. should be avoided as for as
possible, otherwise they should be properly
reinforced and firmly tied to the main
structure Refer IS 1893 CLAUSE -7.12.2
Ceiling plaster should be avoided as
possible.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Avoid Cantilever Construction

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Whenever one un symmetrical building is
divided into two or more building by separation
walls, the structure of the divided building up
to plinth level is generally monolithic. Refer
code IS 4326 5.1 to 5.2
In load bearing construction even calculations
based on code- based seismic coefficients may
not indicate tension steel requirements, the
reinforcement suggested in the form of seismic
bands & vertical steel bars at corners &
junction of walls & jambs of openings must be
provided since these are safe guard for
probable maximum earthquake

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
PROVISION FOR FUTURE
EXTENTION
Expansio
n Joint
With Twin
Columns
For
Future
Extensi
on

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Either foundation is kept above
maximum water level or keep below
natural water level.
In load bearing walls , corrosion
resistance precautions should also be
taken in ductility detailing of cyclone
prone & tsunami prone coastal areas.
IS 456 does not allow R.C.C. below M20
grade

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


An A.R.C. that is not structurally independent
should be designed & constructed such that the
entire building conforms to the seismic resistance
requirements for new building.
The A.R.C. shouldn't increase the seismic
force in any structural elements of the existing
building by more than 5% unless the capacity of
the structural element subjected to the increased
force is still in compliance with the IS. Code.
The A.R.C. should not decrease the seismic
resistance of any structural element of the existing
building below that required by the design codes.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Importance Factor(I) For Building
Depend Upon
Functional Use Of Structure
Hazardous Consequences Of Its
Failure
Post Earthquake Personal needs
Historical Value
IEconomic
Importance
value
Zone
II
III
IV
V
1.5
Building
Retrofitting
C
D
E
E
School
Building
Have
I
value=1.5
need

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation

Strengthening Arrangements
Recommended For Masonry Building
b = Lintel Bend
C = Roof Bend, Gable bend
d = Vertical steel at corners &
junctions of wall
f = Bracing in plan at tie level of
Pitched Roofs
g = Plinth band

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
Strengthening Arrangements
Recommended For Masonry Building
Retrofitti Number Of
ng
Storey
Categor
y
A
One, Two, Three
storey
B
One & Two
Storey
Three Storey
C
One storey

Strengthenin
g To Be
Provided
`b, c ,f ,g
`b, c ,f ,g
`b, c, d, f, g
`b, c ,f , g

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Elevation : Distance b1 to b8 changes as
per Building l1
Retrofitting
l2
Need
b8

b1

b5

b2
2

h
1

h3 b3

h2

b
4

b4

b4

b4

h2
b5

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Table :Size, Position Of Opening In


Building
Above
Figure
Description

Retrofitting
Need/Category
C
D&E

`b5

(Minimum)

(b1+b2+b3)/l1

; (b6+b7)/l2 = shall not exceed

230 mm

450 mm

0.55 m

0.50m

0.46m

0.42m

( For one Storey Building ) 0.37m


( For Two Storey Building )
( For Three & Four Storey
Building )
0.45 m
`b4
600 mm
`h3 (minimum)

0.33m

0.56 m
600 mm

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


For Masonry Structures following features is
consideded

Plinth Belt in lieu of Plinth Band (if strata is


soft, non-uniform)
Lintel level belt in lieu of lintel band
Roof level/ Eve level/ Gable level band
Reinforcement at corner of wall
Shape, Size & location of Window In Wall
Unsupported Wall length to Height Ratio
Provide Cross wall, Brick Pillar &Buttress in
case of long wall more than 6.0 m

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Elevation : Masonry Building With Limitations

t 190
mm
t
Maximu
m 3.5 M
20
t

Buttress Wall

40
t
V

20
t

40
40
t

t
W

Buttress Can Be Avoided by increasing wall thickness


between the cross wall.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Masonry Building Retrofitting
Buttress of full height having top width &
thickness = Wall thickness t and Bottom width
= 1/6 of wall height.
Brick Strength shall not be less than 5.0 N/Mm2
for two storey building.

For type D retrofitting, Mortar shall be 1:5 (5


MPa) or 1:1 lime :6 sand (3 Mpa)
For type E , Mortar shall be 1:1/4 lime:4 sand
(7.5 MPa) or 1:1/2 part lime:41/2 SAND (6 Mpa)

Lime is added only to improve Workability.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Height of the load bearing building in
B.W. shall be restricted to the
following.
1.
For retrofitting category B & D
building of 4 storey with flat roof or
3 storey plus Attic for pitched roof.
2.
For category E, Building of 3 storey
with flat roof or 2 storey plus Attic
for pitched roof.

Structure Repairs &


Height of theRehabilitation
building in Stone Masonry shall be
restricted to the following, where each storey
height shall not exceed 3.0 m and span of walls
between cross wall is limited to 5.0m
1.
For retrofitting category A, B, building of 2 storey
with flat roof or 1 storey plus Attic for pitched
roof .In case cement sand mortar 1:6, the building
up to 2 storey plus Attic for pitched roof.
2.
For category C,D 2 storey with flat roof or 2
storey plus Attic for pitched roof with Cement sand
mortar or 1 storey plus Attic for pitched roof with
lime- sand or mud mortar.

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation

Minimum wall thickness in brick


masonry shall be one brick in one &
two storey construction, while in
case of three storey, the bottom
storey wall thickness should be one
& half brick.
Maximum wall thickness in stone
masonry shall be 450 mm &
preferably 350 mm.

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
Cross wall connection In steps
SECOND
LIFT
600 mm
600 mm
FIRST LIFT

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Wall to wall joints are to be made
by building wall ends in ladder form

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
In Each Layer
Staggered Toothed Joint

A
B

Y
X

Plan 230

mm

B
Elevation
Showing

115 mm

Vertical Joints

450 mm

View X At A-A

230
mm

View Y At B-B

Structure Repairs &


Rehabilitation
Strengthening Of Window When Its
Position Is
10

7
5

6
3
0
0

15
0

Windo
6@
X
X
w
150Not As Per Table Above Slide No..
Two Nos
HYSD
Bars
Section X-X

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


75 & 150 mm thick band of full width
can be Replaced by Composite Band
having 2 mm larger dia bar in section
A& B as below
100
Composite
mm

Top Brick
Laid
While
Concrete
is Green

Section
Type A

75
mm
38
mm
75
mm

Section
Type B

Band With
Side brick
acting also as
shuttering
also

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Recommended Longitudinal steel in
Reinforcement Concrete Bands
Span of
Band
Between
Cross
Wall
In M

Building
Category

Building
Category
C

Building
Category
D

No.
Of
Bars

No. Of Dia.
Bars

MM

Building
Category
E

B
No.
Of
Bars

Dia.

MM

Dia.

MM

No. Of Dia.
Bars

MM

5 or Less

10

10

12

10

12

10

8
10
2
12
10 mm 4
Spacing
Of 2Tor Ring/Links
6 mm 4@ 150
Or 8 12
mm @ 200 mm
Bends Thickness vary 75 mm for 2 bars & 150 mm
for 4 bars

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Steel Profile In Band At Corner &
Junction
Lap=
50
Stagger
ed

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Pair of
stone with
length=
of wall
thickness

450

1200

1200

1200
CL

Plan showing Center bar in Casing


Casing in every 0.6 m is lifted & M15 or
Mortar 1:3 is Compacted around bar.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


S shaped steel rod placed in a damroo shaped
through hole in random rubble wall and fully
encased in concrete

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Vertical Steel Reinforcement in Masonry Walls
up to 350 mm thick as per Table
Vertical steel at corners and junction of walls
up to 350 mm thick should be embedded in
plinth masonry , foundations, bands &roof slab
Nos
Of
Storey

Storey

Diameter Of HSD Single HYSD Bar in mm at


each critical Section (for above 350 mm,
increase bar dia proportionally
Category C

Category D

Category
E

--------

NIL

10

12

Top

NIL

10

12

Bottom

NIl

12

16

Top

10

10

12

One
Two

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

3/4B

One Brick Thick


One & Half Brick
Thick
---Contain One Bar At Centre & M20 or
1:3 Mortar

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Vertical deformed steel bar from foundation to
roof, anchored to masonry walls at wall junctions
with special connectors, also connected to the
roof at the top and encased in concrete.

PROP

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


X

Three
Nails 5
drilled in
splited
bamboo

Cross
bracings at
ends of
room

Half Split Bamboo Ties To Rafter


Bras the 50 mm Dia Bamboo (B) To Rafter
Seismic Bend & Rafter should be tied Properly

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


In the cyclone prone areas people keep the roof
overhangs very small so that during a cyclone its
chances of getting blown off are small. Along the
coast of Kutchh, in Gujarat this practice is common.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Along the Kutchh and Saurashtra coast in Gujarat,
roof is anchored to the walls through timber
brackets so that it does not get blown off during
the cyclonic winds.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


In long walls introduce pilasters
to strengthen it.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


If the ground is sandy in which the foundation
is sitting, then high speed flood/surge water
can scour the land around and under the
foundation of school, leading to settlement
and/or cracking of the wall.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Prolonged Flooding can weaken the
mortar, especially if it is mud
mortar, and causing cracking in
walls or collapse.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Simple erosion of wall near its
bottom, or cracking, plaster
peeling off and settlement
in floor.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Diagonal tying on the upper or underside
of the roof Prevents roof from getting
distorted and damaged

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Anchoring roof to wall, reducing roof overhangs
and providing roof slope as per local tradition
Helps resist uplifting of roof from wall. Also help
prevent the roof from getting blown off

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Seismic belt consisting of Weld mesh in lieu of Seismic
Band. It is approximately 220mm wide anchored to
masonry wall and encased in cement mortar.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Weld mesh belt approximately 220mm wide all
around the openings and anchored to masonry
wall and encased in cement mortar

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Installing multiple strands of galvanized iron
wires pulled and twisted for pretension

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Anchoring the roof rafters and trusses with steel
angles or other means

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Encasing masonry column in cage of steel
rods and encased in micro concrete

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Vertical seismic Belt & filling unwanted
opening

Joint
s

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Retrofitting in Urinal Basins

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Girls Toilet After Retrofitting

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation


Conclusion:
The Extent of School Building
Repairing Depend upon how well
Retrofitting work has been planned
at all levels within financial
constraint while due consideration
has to be given to counter nature
destructive forces.

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