Leadership in

Organizations

Managers vs Leaders
A Manager

A Leader

Administers

Innovates

Is a copy; imitates

Is an original; originates

Maintains

Develops

Accepts reality

Investigates it

Focuses on systems and

structures

Focuses on people

Relies on control

Relies on and inspires trust

Has short-range view

Has long-range perspective

Asks how and when

Asks what and why

Eye on the bottom line

Eye on the horizon

Accepts status quo

Challenges it

The classic good soldier

His or her own person

Does things right

Does the right things

Theories of Leadership
Trait Theories
Leaders vs non-leaders
Limitations:
No universally accepted leadership
traits
Explanation for weak situations only
Cause & effect confusion
Effectiveness ??

Implications of trait approach

Behavioral Theories of leadership

Implications of behavioral
approach
1. Ohio state studies:
Consideration
Initiating structure

2. University of Michigan studies:

Employee-oriented leader
Production-oriented leader

3. Managerial grid: (Blake & Mouton)

Concern for people
Concern for production

4. Scandinavian studies
. Limitations of behavioral

The Managerial Grid

(contd.)

Concern for People

(1,9)

(9,9)

(5,5)

(1,1)

(9,1)
Concern for Production

The Managerial Grid (contd.)

(1,1): Impoverished management

Exertion of minimum effort to get

required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership

(9,1): Task management

Efficiency in operations results from arranging

conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree

(5,5): Middle-of-the-road-management

Adequate organization
performance is through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of
people at a satisfactory level.

(1,9): Country club management

Thoughtful attention to needs of people

for satisfying relationship leads to a comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere and
work tempo

(9,9): Team management

Work accomplished is from committed people;

interdependence through a common stake in organization purpose leads to relationships
of trust and respect.

Contingency Theories of
Leadership

Fiedler model:
Leadership style : (identified through LPC)
Definition of situation
Leader-member relation
Task structure
Position power

Hersey & Blanchards Theory(SLT):

Follower

Leadership style

Unable, unwilling Telling

Unable, willing Selling
Able, unwilling Participating
Able, willing
Delegating

Contingency theories
(contd.)
Leader-Member Exchange theory
(LMX) :
In-groups vs outgroups

Path-goal theory (House):

Directive leader
Supportive leader
Participative leader
Achievement-oriented leader
Nurturant-Task (NT) leadership (Sinha)

Environmental
Environmentalcontingency
contingencyfactors
factors
(task
(taskstructure,
structure,formal
formalauthority,
authority,etc.)
etc.)

Leadership
Leadershipstyle
style

Outcomes
Outcomes
(performance,
(performance,satisfaction)
satisfaction)

Subordinate
Subordinatefactors
factors
(LOC,
(LOC,Experience,
Experience,Perceived
Perceivedability)
ability)

Best Practices of Exemplary

leaders
CHALLENGE THE PROCESS
INSPIRE A SHARED VISION
ENABLE OTHERS TO ACT
MODEL THE WAY
ENCOURAGE THE HEART

Challenge the process

Search out challenging
opportunities to change, grow,
innovate and improve
Experiment, take risks and
learn from mistakes
Treat every job as an adventure
Question status quo
Send people shopping for ideas
Learn new skills

Inspire a shared vision

Envision an uplifting future

Enlist others in a common
vision by appealing to their
values, interests, hopes and
dreams

Enable others to act

Foster collaboration by
promoting cooperative goals and
building trust
Strengthen people by giving
autonomy, providing choice,
developing competence,
assigning critical tasks and
offering visible support.

Model the way

Set the example by behaving in

ways that are consistent with
shared values
Achieve small wins that promote
consistent progress and build
commitment

Encourage the heart

Recognize individual
contributions to the success
of every project
Celebrate team
accomplishments regularly