LATHE

MACHINE

INTRODUCTION
A machine which performs the metal removal
operation with tools, to produce desired shape
and size of the work piece is known as machine
tool.
The purpose of machine tool to save time, cost of
production and to get better output which can
not be obtained with hand tools.

Types of Machine Tools

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Lathe Machine.
Shaper.
Planer.
Drilling Machine.
Milling Machine.
Grinding Machine

LATHE MACHINE

Lathes are generally used for machining of

cylindrical or conical jobs.
The main function of Lathe is to remove the
metal from a work piece to give the required
shape and size to it.
Lathes employ single point cutting tools for
various types of turning operations.
In a Lathe the work piece to be machined rotates
between two centers or with a chuck, the cutting
tool will remove metal from the work piece in the
form of chips.
In Lathe the work piece rotates and the tool is
fixed.

Classification of Lathe M/C

1.Engine Lathe
2.Bench Lathe
3.Speed Lathe
4.Tool Room Lathe
5.Capstan & Turret Lathe
6.Special Purpose Lathe
7.Automatic Lathe
8.CNC Lathe

Principal parts of an engine lathe

Bed:
Is a foundation
part of a lathe
supports all its
other parts.
two precision
machined guide
ways formed on
the top of the bed
outer guide ways
inner guide ways.

Headstock:
Housing
comprising of
feed gear box
stepped cone
pulley
Rigidly mounted on
the inner guide
ways of lathe bed
at its left end.

Tailstock:

Movable part of the

lathe that carries
the dead centre in
it.
Used to clamp tools
like: Twist drills
Reamers
For making holes,
taps and dies for
cutting threads.
Mounted loosely on
the inner guide
ways of lathe bed
and can be moved
and locked in any
position.

Carriage assembly:

Serves to support the

tool Rides over the
outer
guide
ways
longitudinally between
headstock and tailstock.

It is composed of 5
main parts.

1. Saddle
2. Cross slide
3. Compound Rest
4. Apron.
5. Tool post

Specification of a Lathe

Bench Lathe
This is a small Lathe usually mounted on a
bench, therefore it is called Bench Lathe.
It has practically all the parts of an Engine
Lathe and it performs almost all the
operations.
This is used for small and precision work.

Speed Lathe
The Speed Lathe, in construction and operation
is the simplest of all types of Lathe.
This Lathe does not have the carriage, feed rod,
lead screw.
This is used for light operations like wood
working, spinning, polishing, grinding.
The tool is held on a adjustable slide against the
rotating job and cutting operation and feed are
controlled by hand. Hence the accuracy of the
operation performed depends upon the skill of
the operator.
In this type of Lathe the speed of spindle is very
high ( 1200rpm to 3600rpm) therefore it is called
Speed Lathe.

Tool Room Lathe

A Tool Room Lathe having features similar to an
Engine Lathe is much more accurately built and
has a wide range of spindle speeds ranging from
a very slow speed up to 2500rpm.
It is equipped with all necessary accessories
such as chuck, taper turning attachment, pump
for coolants etc.
This Lathe is mainly used for precision work on
tools, dies, gauges and in machining work where
accuracy is needed.

Capstan & Turret Lathe

These Lathes are development of the Engine
Lathe and are used for production work.
In this type of Lathe the tailstock of an Engine
Lathe is replaced by a hexagonal turret, on the
face of which multiple tools may be fitted and fed
in to the work in proper sequence.
The advantage of this Lathe is that several
different types of operations can be done on a
work piece without resetting of work or tools and
a number of identical parts can be produced in
the minimum time.

Special Purpose Lathe

As the name implies they are used for special
purposes and for jobs which cannot be
accommodated or conveniently machined on a
standard Lathe.
Ex:- Wheel Lathe, Gap Bed Lathe, T-Lathe etc.,

Automatic Lathe
These are high speed, heavy duty mass
production Lathes with complete automatic
control.
Once the tools are set and the machine is started
it performs automatically all the operations to
finish the job.
The changing of tools, speeds and feeds are also
done automatically.
These are used for mass production of identical
parts.
They require little attention of the operator, since
the entire operation is automatic.

CNC Lathe
CNC Lathes are rapidly replacing the older
production lathes, since they are highly
automated.
The operations are repetitive and easy to
maintain the desired accuracy.
The movement of the tool, its speed and feed,
sequence of operations, desired type of surface to
be produced are all controlled by a program fed
in to the machine via., computer.
The program is simulated using suitable software
before uploading it to the machine.

Working Principle of Lathe

Lathe Tools
1.Turning Tool.
2.Facing Tool.
3.Parting or Necking Tool.
4.Knurling Tool.
5.Chamfering Tool.
6.Form or Profile Tool.
7.External Threading Tool.
8.Internal Threading Tool.

LATHE OPERATIONS
1. Facing.
2. Turning
3. Taper turning.
4. Knurling.
5. Thread cutting.
6. Boring.
7. Drilling.
8. Reaming
9. Milling.
10.Grinding

FACING

TURNING
Turning in a Lathe is to remove excess
material from the work piece to produce a
cylindrical or cone shaped surface.
The various types of Turning made in
Lathe are
1.Straight Turning.
2.Step Turning.

Straight Turning

Step (Shoulder) Turning

Taper Turning
Taper is defined as a uniform increase
or decrease in diameter of a piece of work
measured along its length
Taper turning means to produce a
conical surface by gradual reduction in
diameter from a cylindrical work piece.

D Large diameter of taper in mm.

d Small diameter of taper in mm.
l Length of taper in mm.
20 Full taper angle.
0 Angle of taper or half taper angle

Methods of Taper Turning

1.Taper Turning by a Form Tool.
2.Taper Turning by setting over the tail
Stock.
3.Taper Turning by swivelling
Compound Rest (Tool Post).

the

4.Taper Turning by a Taper attachment.

5.Taper Turning by Combining Feeds

Taper Turning by a Form Tool

Taper Turning by swivelling the

Compound Rest (Tool Post).

Taper Turning by setting over the tail

Stock.

Taper Turning by Taper Attachment

Taper Turning by Combining Feeds

Thread Cutting

Cutting Right and Left-Hand Thread

When cutting a Right-Hand thread the
carriage must move towards the headstock, for
a Left-Hand thread the carriage moves away
from the headstock and towards the tailstock.
The job moves as always in the anticlockwise
direction when viewed from the tailstock end.

Calculation for Change Wheels

To calculate the wheels required for cutting a
screw of certain pitch it is necessary to know how
the ratio is obtained, and exactly where the driving
and driven wheels are to be placed.
Pitchofthework
Gearing Ratio =
PitchofLeadcrew
=

DriverTeet h
DrivenTeet h

No.ofteethofDriver
No.ofteethofDriven
=

Pitchofthework
PitchofLeascrew

Often Engine Lathes are equipped with a set of

gears
ranging from 20 to 120 in steps of 5 teeth, and
one
gear with 127 teeth

Simple Gear Train

In Simple Gear Trains,

the ratio of

RotationofLeadscrew
RotationofSpindle

TeethofDri ver
TeethofDri ven

Compound Gear Train

In Compound Gear Train,

the ratio of

RotationofLeadscrew
RotationofSpindle

TeethonA TeethonC

TeethonB TeethonD

Metric Thread on English Lead-screws

The cutting of metric threads on a lathe with
an English pitch lead-screw may be carried
out by introducing a translating gear of 127
teeth.

If the lead-screw has n threads per inch

to cut p mm pitch then,
DriverTeet h
DrivenTeet h

5 pn
127

Knurling

Chamfering

Cutting Speed in Lathe

It is the speed at which the metal is removed by
the tool from the work piece. It is expressed in
mt/min
V

Dn

mt/min

Where V Cutting Speed in mt/min

d Diameter of Milling Cutter in mm
n Speed of cutter in rpm
1000

Feed in Lathe
It is the distance that the tool advances in to the
work piece for each revolution of the work piece.
It is expressed in mm/revolution.

Depth of Cut in Lathe

It is the perpendicular distance measured from
the machined surface to the uncut surface of the
work piece. It is expressed as
d d
mm
Depth.of .Cut
1

Where, d Diameter of work piece before

machining in mm
n Diameter of work piece after machining in
mm

Machining Time
If s is the feed of the job per revolution
expressed in mm per revolution and l is the
length of the job in mm, then number of
revolutions of the job required for the complete
cut will be l/s.
If the rpm of the work is n, time taken to revolve
the job through l/s number of revolutions for a
complete cut will be l/sn min
Therefore,
the time taken for a complete cut =

l
sn

min

Capstan and Turret Lathe

The Capstan and Turret Lathes bridges up the
gap between the Engine Lathe and Automatic
Lathe.
The chief distinguishing feature of this type of
Lathe is the multiple tool holders which enable
the setting up of all the tools for a job.
Although considerable skill is required to set and
adjust the tools properly, but once they are set
little skill is required to operate them.

Principal Parts of Capstan Lathe

Principal Parts of Turret Lathe

Principal Parts of Capstan and Turret Lathe

1.Bed

It is a long box like

casting provided with
accurate guide ways, the
carriage
and
turret
saddle are mounted on
the guide ways.
The bed is designed to
take maximum load and
vibration
on
the
machine.

Principal Parts of Capstan and Turret Lathe

2. Head Stock

It is a heavy casting
mounted on the left hand
end of the bed.

The headstock of a
Capstan or Turret Lathe
may be of the following
types

a) Step Cone Pulley Driven

Headstock

b) Direct Electric Motor Driven

Headstock

c) All Geared Headstock

Principal Parts of Capstan and Turret Lathe

3) CrossSlide & Saddle

In case of small Capstan

Lathes, cross-slide and
saddle are clamped on to
the lathe bed in required
position.
They
are
operated by hand.
The
larger
Capstan
Lathes and heavy duty
Turret
Lathes
are
equipped with two types
of carriage
1. Conventional
Type
Carriage.
2. Side Hung Type Carriage.

Principal Parts of Capstan and Turret Lathe

Turret

It is a hexagonal shaped
tool holder and suitable
to hold 6 or more
different tools.

Each face also has 4

tapped holes for securing
different tool holding
attachments.
The Turret can be locked
by a clamping lever at its
top. The movement of the
turret is restricted by a
stop so that the turret
when
rotated
always
comes in line with the

Mechanisms of Capstan & Turret Lathes

The carriage, cross-slide, turret slide and the
saddle holding the turret may be fed in to the
work by hand or power.

Separate feed rods transmit power to the

carriage and turret saddle for this purpose.
The two important mechanisms which make the
Capstan and Turret Lathes semi-automatic and
production type are
1.Turret Indexing Mechanism.
2.Bar Feeding Mechanism.

1) Turret Indexing Mechanism

In capstan and turret lathe the hexagonal turret can be indexed

manually or automatically to bring each tool mounted on the turret in
proper position for performing the operation on the w/p.
It consist of an index plate, indexing ratchet and bevel gear, all mounted
on the turret spindle, which in turn carries the turret head at its top.
The turret head rotates freely in bearings fitted in the turret slide.
The index plate is provided with six equidistant radial slots on its
periphery.
A spring loaded plunger fitted with in the housing and mounted on the
saddle is made to engage in these slots one by one by the pressure of the
spring, in order to lock the index plate and prevent any rotary movement
of it during the m/cing operation.
A pin fitted on the plunger projects out of the housing and is responsible
for moving the plunger in and out of the slot.
The pin rides on the beveled surface of the cam causing the plunger to
move in and out of the slot.
Opposite to the cam , inside the bed is provided an index pawl, which
carries a pawl pin to engage the indexing ratchet.

The fig shows is in its extreme forward position, wherein the cutting tool is
performing a certain operation.
After the operation is completed the turret head moves backward to index
it for the next operation.
During this backward movement the projecting pin fitted on the plunger
strikes on the cam surface, which causes the plunger to lift of the slot in the
index plate.
The index plate is thus unlocked, simultaneously the pawl pin engages a
tooth of the ratchet, which rotates due to the backward movement of the
turret.
Since the ratchet and turret both are mounted on the same spindle, the
turret also rotates.
Hence the turret holding the next tool is brought in position to perform the
next operation.
The index plate which is also mounted on the turret spindle also rotates
thereby bringing its next slot in front of the plunger.
the pin drops out of the cam, and the plunger lock the index plate at the
next slot thereby securing the turret firmly to carry out the next operation.
Thus the turret is automatically indexed during its backward motion.

2) Bar Feeding Mechanism

Work Holding Devices

1.Jaw Chucks.
a)Self Centering (3-Jaw) Chuck.
b)Independent (4-Jaw) Chuck.
c) Combination Chuck.
d)Air Operated Chuck.
2. Collet Chucks.
a)Push-Out Type Collet Chuck.
b)Draw-In Type Collet Chuck.
c) Dead Length Type Chuck.

1) Jaw Chucks
Depending on the shape of the work jaw chucks
may be having 2, 3 or 4 jaws.
These are used to support odd sized jobs and to
support larger diameter jobs which cannot be
introduced through the headstock spindle or
gripped by collet chucks.

a) Self Centering (3-Jaw) Chuck

b) Independent (4-Jaw) Chuck

c) Combination Chuck

d) Air Operated Chuck

Magnetic Chuck

2) Collet Chucks
This chuck enables easy quick and accurate
settings.
It can be operated either by hand or by using
power spring collets can have different shaped
bores like square, hexagonal etc., depending on
different sized bars having different sized bars
having different sections.
Collets grip the job by spring action of split jaws.

a) Push-Out Type Collet Chuck

b) Draw-In Type Collet Chuck

c) Dead Length Type Chuck

Tool Holding Devices

The Capstan and Turret Lathes use a variety of
tool holding devices depending upon the type of
operation.
The tool holding devices are usually mounted on
the turret faces or on cross-slide tool post.
Here, the whole assembly of holder and its tool is
generally designated accordingly to the type of the
holder.

a) Straight Cutter Holder

b) Adjustable or Plain Angle Cutter Holder

c) Multiple Cutter Holder

d) Offset Cutter Holder

e) Combination Tool Holder

(Multiple Turning Holder)

f) Knee Tool Holder

g) Drill Holder

h) Knurling Tool Holder

Tool Layout
The tool layout for a given job is the
predetermined order of machining operations to
be performed to produce it.
An efficient tool layout produces accurate parts
as per the requirements at an economical cost.
The total layout is generally influenced by the
nature of the job, the condition of the raw
material, the amount of stock to be removed and
the number of pieces to be produces.

 To manufacture a number of similar jobs on a

capstan and turret lathe, it is essential to make
proper tooling layout.
For

this

proper

planning

for

systematic

operations should be carried out in advanced

before setting the work on the lathe.

1.For effective planning and control an up-to-date

capacity chart is an essential. The chart supplied
by the manufacturers contains every working
details of the M/C such as the maximum &
minimum diameter of work that can be mounted,
maximum length of stroke of the turret & saddle,
number of spindle speeds and feeds available,
tools available, maximum length of cross-slide
movement etc.,
2.For tooling layout a drawing of the finished part
is also needed.

3.The proper tool selection for different operations

should be made from the available tools and tool
holders. Standard tools are preferred for a small
number of works, where large number of identical
pieces are to be manufactured, special tools and
tool-holders may be designed for reducing the
machining time.
4. Once the proper tool selection is made, the
finished drawing of the work piece is superimposed
on the capacity chart supplied & the tools to be
used are drawn-out at the respective positions on
the turret face & on the cross-slide tool posts in a
regular sequence. The length of travel of tools for
each turret face is now calculated from the chart &
position of stops decided.

5. The proper spindle speed, feed and depth

of cut are now worked out for each
operation.

6. The work and the tools are then set on the

machine according to the planned chart.

Production of Hexagonal Bolt

1. The capacity chart of the machine is made available.

2. The drawing of the finished hexagonal bolt is taken
in to consideration.
3. The tools and equipment such as bar stop, roller
steady turning tool holder, roller steady bar ending
tool holder, self opening die head, chamfering tool
parting tool are collected.
4. The sketch of the work and tools are superimposed
on the capacity chart to decide the length of travel
of the tool and the position of stops.
5. Proper speeds and feeds for each operation are next
calculated.
6. Setting and machining operations are performed in
the sequential order.

Capstan & Turret Lathe

Engine Lathe

1. Headstock of a Capstan & Turret Lathe is similar to 1. Limited speed options available in Engine Lathe.
Engine Lathe in construction, is designed for wider
range of speeds.
2. Headstock of a Capstan & Turret Late is heavier in
construction.
3. The tool post of a Capstan & Turret Lathe is capable
of holding 4 tools and can be brought in to operation in
a sequence, which saves production time.

2. Headstock of a Engine Lathe is lighter in

construction.
3. The tool post of a Engine Lathe can hold and
operate only one tool at a time. For different operations
it is necessary to change the tool, which requires more
setting time.
4. In Capstan & Turret Lathe, the tailstock of Engine 4. The tailstock of a Engine Lathe can accommodate
Lathe is replaced by a turret, which can carry 6 or more only one tool.
tools. These tools may be indexed one after another to
perform different operations in a sequential order.
5. Semiskilled operator can operate Capstan & Turret 5. A skilled operator is necessary to perform different
Lathe. The skilled operator may be necessary only for operations on a Engine Lathe.
initial set up.
6. In Capstan & Turret Lathe two or more tools may be 6. In Engine Lathe there is no such provision.
mounted on the same face of the turret to machine
more than one surface at a time.
7. In Capstan & Turret Lathe there is no lead-screw, the 7. The Engine Lathe is provided with a lead-screw for
threads are cut by die heads and taps.
cutting threads on a work piece.
8. The Capstan & Turret Lathes are fundamentally 8. The Engine Lathe is a general purpose machine
production machines suitable for batch and mass suitable for job order production and in repair shops.
production of identical parts.
9. The cycle time and labor cost to operate a Capstan & 9. The cycle time and labor cost to operate a Engine
Turret Lathe is quite less.
Lathe is more.
10. Power requirement in Capstan & Turret Lathe is 10. Power requirement in Engine Lathe is less.
high.

Capstan Lathe

1. The turret of Capstan Lathe is mounted

on a short slide or ram, which slides on the
guide-ways of the saddle.
2. The turret head of a Capstan Lathe called
as capstan head may be circular or
hexagonal.
3. The Capstan Lathe is suitable for bar
work.

Turret Lathe

1. The turret of a Turret Lathe is mounted on

a saddle which slides directly on the bed.
2. The turret head of a Turret Lathe may be
square, hexagonal or octagonal.
3. The larger and heavier chucking works
are usually handled on a turret Lathe.

4. In Capstan Lathe, hexagonal turret can be 4. In Turret Lathe, entire saddle has to move
moved back and forth much more rapidly the turret, making hand feeding a laborious
without having to move the entire saddle process.
unit. This enables easy hand feeding.
5. The maximum size of the bar that can be
turned on a Capstan Lathe is limited to
60mm i.e. it is suitable to handle small and
medium sized jobs.
6. In Capstan Lathe travel of the turret is
dependent on length of the travel of the ram.
Duo to this only work pieces of smaller
lengths can be machined.
7. In Capstan Lathe as the ram feeds in to
work, the over hanging ram from the
stationary saddle is prone to bending,
deflection or vibration under heavy cutting

5. The Turret Lathe are capable of turning

bars 125 to 200mm in diameter i.e. it is
suitable to handle heavier jobs.
6. The Turret Lathe can handle longer jobs
as turret can be moved over the entire bed
length.
7. In Turret Lathe, the bed takes the entire
cutting load and the machine can operate
under severe cutting conditions..