Basic Heat Transfer Concepts

2006 Armstrong International, Inc.

Basic Heat Transfer Concepts

TAir
TSteam
Tsteam >>> TAir
And Their Relationships to Heating Coil
Selection

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Heat Transfer
Only occurs when there is a temperature
difference
Flows faster when this difference is higher
Always flows from high to low temperature
Is greater with greater surface area
Some materials transfer heat better than others

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Heat Flows from High to Low

TAir
TSteam

Tsteam >>> TAir

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Thermal Conductivity of Common Coil

Materials
Material

Thermal Conductivity

Copper

2724

Aluminum

1536

Steel

314

Cupro-Nickle 90/10

310

Cupro-Nickle 70/30

200

Stainless Steel

108

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

To Get More Heat Transfer From Bare

Tubes . . .
Add Fins to Increase Surface Area

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Relative Heat Transfer:

Identical Coils w/Different Tube Materials
Tube Material

Relative HT Capacity

Copper

1.00

Aluminum

1.00

Steel

0.98

Stainless Steel

0.95

Expect many enjoyable experiences!

experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Relative Heat Transfer:

Identical Coils w/Material Combinations*
Tube Material

Fin Material

Relative HT
Capacity

Steel

Copper Keyfin

1.05

Steel

Aluminum Keyfin

1.00

Stainless Steel

Aluminum Keyfin

0.94

Steel

Steel L Fin

0.92

Stainless Steel

Stainless Steel L Fin

0.58

*At 800 FPM, 7FPI & 55 psig

Expect many enjoyable experiences!

experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Heat Transfer Equation

Q = U x A x LMTD
where
Q = Heat Transfer Rate (BTU/hr)
U = Heat Transfer Coefficient (BTU/hr/ft2/F)
A = Surface Area (ft2)
LMTD = Log Mean Temperature Difference
(b/w the Steam and the Air)

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Assembly Concepts

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

2002 Armstrong International, Inc.

Bare Tube Coils

Heat Exchange = U x Surface Area x T

Surface Area 1'' Pipe = 1 Sq Ft / Linear Ft

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Extended Surface Coils

Fin Element

Plate Fin

Wound Fin

Fin Area >>>>> Tube Area

Tube is Irrelevant in Heat Transfer

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Coil Construction
1 Inch
4 FPI

7 FPI

4 Tubes in the Face

6 Tubes in the Face

Steam
Conn.

Cond.
Conn.

Finned Tube
Cond.
Header

1, 2, and 3 Row Coils

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Steam
Header

Casings and Air Baffles

Coil
Casings

Flanges

Casing Depth

Mounting
Holes
Side
Baffle

Air
Baffles

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Header
Baffle

Coil Casing Types

Turned-Out Flange
Standard Flange for Duct-Mounted
Coils

Turned-In Flange
Used w/ Removable Coils or Where
mounting holes are not needed &
smooth casing face is wanted

1-1/2

Dimensions & Spacing

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

3/4
7/16"

Removable (Drawer) Coils

Bolt Holes

Lifting Lug

Mounting Plate

Core installed in a casing w/ flanges on 3 sides and a

mounting place on the 4th side
Coil slides into outer casing like a drawer

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Coil Configuration
Horizontal Air Flow
Horizontal Tubes

Steam
Condensate

Air
Inlet

Air
Outlet

Vertical Tubes

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Coil Configuration
Air Outlet Side

Vertical Up Air Flow

Horizontal Tubes
Air Inlet Side

Air Inlet Side

Vertical Down Air Flow

Horizontal Tubes
Air Outlet Side

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Parallel Multiple Coils

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Series Multiple Coils

Steam Supply End

Air
Flow

Condensate Return End

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Multiple Coil Installation

4 Coils in Parallel x 3 Coils in Series

Common steam supply OK
12 Coils Total
Drain each coil separately
12 Traps may discharge to common Header

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Heavy Duty Construction

Min. 0.016 Thick Fins
on 12 Ga. CS 0.109 Thick Tubes
12 Ga. Casing and Baffles

Sch 80 Connections

Sch 40 Headers

250 psig Standard Pressure Rating

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Heavy Duty Construction

Header, Connections &
Tubes (wetted parts)
Same Material
No Galvanic Corrosion

All Joints Welded

No Leaks

Thicker Materials
Fights Corrosion

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Model Number Selection

Extended Surface (Fin Tube) Heating

Coils

Which Fin Type?

Standard KeyFin
Tight joint over wide
temperature range
Best for dissimilar tube
and fin materials

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Which Fin Type?

L-Fin
L-shaped foot tension wound
over knurled tube
Best for same material tubes &
fins
Large contact area for high
heat transfer
Some corrosion protection for
tube

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Tube Materials
Carbon Steel
Affords both strength & corrosion resistance
Standard
Optional

12 Ga A-214 ERW (1 or 1 OD)

10 Ga A-214 ERW
10 Ga or 12 Ga A-179 Seamless

Stainless Steel (304L or 316L)

When corrosive steam is present or when ideal piping &
trapping practices cannot be followed
14 Ga (1 OD) & 12 Ga (1 OD)

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Fin Materials
Steel Fins stand up against aggressive cleaning
0.024 Thick on 1 OD or 1 1/2 OD Tubes
0.036 Thick on 1 OD Tubes
Aluminum Fins provide the best overall value
0.020 Thick Keyfin on all Tube Sizes
0.030 Thick Keyfin on all Tube Sizes
Stainless Steel Fins fight high external corrosion
0.020 Thick Type 304L & 316L on 1 OD Tubes
Copper Fins provide the best heat transfer
0.016 Thick on All Tube Sizes

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Conns/Headers/Casing
Headers
Same Material As Tubes With Welded Construction
Connections
Steel: Sch 80 (screwed) or Sch 40 (flanged)
Stainless Steel: Sch 40 (screwed) or Sch 10 (flanged)
Casing
12 Ga. Galvanized Steel or 12 Ga Stainless Steel

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

Coil Type
Standard (Type S)
Centifeed (Type C)
Tendam (Type T)
Centifeed Tandem (Type P)

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experiences!

David M. Armstrong

AIR FLOW

Type S coils are available with

opposite-end connections only

Type C coils are available with

same-end connections only

AIR
FLOW

2-Row Standard Coil

2-Row Centifeed Coil

AIR FLOW

Type T coils have

opposite-end connections

Type P coils have

same-end connections

Armstrong Promise
We provide intelligent system solutions that
improve utility performance, lower energy
consumption, and reduce environmental
emissions . . . while providing an enjoyable
experience!

Expect many enjoyable experiences!

experiences!

David M. Armstrong

35

Expect many enjoyable experiences!

experiences!

David M. Armstrong